GARGANEY TEAL 
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There is no real evidence that this Teal nests in Tibet or in India, though it probably does so 
in the former country and in the Himalayas of Kas hmir (Hume and Marshall, 1879; 
‘ Baker, 1908). 
Winter Range 
The Garganey is a very sensitive bird and requires warmer climates and probably more animal 
food than other ducks, so that it is one of the first to go south in aut umn . The more northern breed- 
ers, that is, the minority, may perhaps winter in the more temperate regions, while the great major- 
ity, after nesting in temperate coimtries, go far south to spend the cold season. In the British 
Isles it has wintered very occasionally in England (Stonham, 1908) and Ireland British 
(Ussher and Warren, 1900), but it does not do so in any of the northern or central Isles 
countries of the Continent. A few seem to winter in southern France, in the Var department (J. H. 
Gurney, 1901), in the lower parts of Switzerland (Fatio, 1904) and in southern Hungary (Petenyi, 
1884; Chernel, Naumann, 1896-1905). 
In the Mediterranean countries of Europe the Garganey is not common in winter. It is found 
all over Spain, but cannot be called common (Reyes y Prosper, 1886; Arevalo y Baca, 1887). The 
same is true of Portugal (de Seabra, 1910). It occurs in the Balearics (Barcelo, Southern 
Reyes y Prosper, 1886), but apparently winters only very rarely in Corsica (Wharton, Europe 
1876; Jourdain, 1912). In Sardinia it seems to winter regularly (Bonomi, fide Giglioli, 1889-91), 
as it does in parts of Sicily and apparently in Malta (Giglioli, 1889-91; C. A. Wright, 1864; 
Despott, 1917). It does not winter on the Dalmatian coast (Kolombatovic, 1903), but seems to 
be quite common in the southern part of the Balkan Peninsula, in southern Bulgaria (Radakoff, 
1879), in Macedonia (P. J. C. McGregor, 1906; Sladen, 1918) and all over Greece (Lindermayer, 
1860). 
Most of the European breeding birds spend the winter in Africa, where they seem occasionally to 
go very far south. It has been taken in southwestern Morocco (Menegaux, 1913), 
and is said to be accidental on the Canaries (Cabrera y Diaz, 1893-94). Rochebrime 
(1883-85) claims that it is fairly common in Senegambia. The statement may in this case be correct, 
for in northern Nigeria, at Zaria and Sokoto it occurs in flocks numbering hundreds 
(Hartert, 1886, 1915). The fact that it has been taken in early March at Ouargla, 
central western Sahara (Hartert, 1913), may indicate a regular migration route over the desert, 
rather than by the coast. Other species of ducks have been foimd in the center of the desert. Salvin 
(1859) saw it in the eastern Atlas and other writers (Loche, 1867; Taczanowski, 1870) have recorded 
it as common in Algeria. In both this Colony and in Tunis, however, it appears 
Algeria 
chiefly as a bird of passage, if one is to judge by the literatm-e. It is exceedingly com- 
mon in Tunis (Kbnig, 1888; Talamon, 1904; Millet-Horsin, 1912). 
In East Africa the Garganey is primarily a bird of passage in Lower Egypt (Nicoll, 1919), though 
some imdoubtedly winter in Egypt and Nubia. In the Sudan it is very common along the course of 
the White Nile (Jagerskiold, 1904; A. L. Butler, 1905; Ogilvie-Grant, 1902) and Eastern 
thence throughout southern Abyssinia (von Heuglin, 1873; Salvador!, 1884, 1888; Africa 
OgUvie-Grant and Reid, 1901) east to Lake Harrar-Meyer (Ogilvie-Grant, 1900; von Erlanger, 
1905). Its winter range in this region extends at least as far as the equator. It has been taken even 
farther south, in southwestern British East Africa (G. H. Gurney, 1909), on Lake Albert Edward 
(Hartert, 1920a) and in the lowlands about Kilimandjaro. Sjostedt (1910) says he met with it 
there in November and March, which may indicate migration even farther south. It is in fact a 
common winter visitor in many parts of East Africa (Kenia). The southernmost record is for the 
Seychelles (Hartert, 1920a). Westward we have records for Wadelai and the Ruwenzori region of 
Uganda (Emin, 1891; Ogilvie-Grant, 1910), and Mr. J. P. Chapin writes me that in 1913 from 
November 20 to December he saw a flock at Avakubi, on the Ituri River, northeastern Congo. 
