ENGLISH RACE AS AN ILLUSTRATION 285 



between the Teutonic invaders and Celtic aborigines is evident, and in- 

 deed persists to some extent today. Following the Saxons and Angles 

 came Jutes and subsequently Danes, forming the dominant element of 

 the eastern coast, while the Norman -French spread a new layer of popu- 

 lation over the whole country. Subsequently the south and east receive 

 new increments of population from the Netherlands and later from 

 France. There is likewise a considerable movement of population from 

 Scotland south into England and the north of Ireland, from England 

 into Ireland, and more recently from Ireland back into England. Set- 

 ting aside the concentration into the cities and considering only the rural 

 population, these, with other minor movements, afford the necessary data 

 for interpretation of the wide variations in physical type in different 

 parts of the British Isles. The unity of type among Englishmen is based 

 on language, customs, and conventions, in some degree perhaps on nat- 

 ural environment; but it covers a wide diversity of blood. The English- 

 man is not merely of mixed race, but the admixture varies greatly locally. 

 This is almost equally true of every civilized race, and it is to a very large 

 extent true of every uncivilized race. 3 



The evolution of the human race in any one region has been chiefly 

 through successive infusions of new blood, not through the replacement 

 of one race by another ; and this is true of barbaric races. The dominant 

 race absorbs the remnants of the older blood or is absorbed by autoch- 

 thones, but the continued renewal of new invading elements disturbs the 

 homogeneity of the population before it is complete, and enables a very 

 archaic strain to be preserved to some extent in association with new ele- 

 ments, which would not have fused with the ancient blood except through 

 the intermediary of successive previous invasions of intermediate stocks. 



Applicability of the Principle to Animals 



The evolution of mammalian races must have proceeded, so far as I 

 can see, on much the same lines. If so, when we come to make detailed 

 studies of the evolution of mammalian phyla, these controlling circum- 

 stances must be carefully kept in mind. If these principles be true, then 

 in the normal course of evolution of a race in a given region, each stage 



:i The heterogeneous and complex composition of all human races Is strongly empha- 

 sized in Boaz's recent hook, "The Mind of Primitive Man." l>r. Boas compares it with 

 the composite character of domesticated species of animals, and contrasts It with the 



supposed purity of wild races. Hut i do do1 think thai there Is any such contrast 



Wild animals, like domestic, are of mixed and composite Mood, but their admixture has 

 gone on under natural law and conditions, producing certain limitations and uniformities 



of the resultant thai distinguish it from the artificial admixtures presenl In domesticated 



races. 



