582 DAY AND SHEPHERD WATER AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 



The gases entered the pipe-line at a temperature of about 1,000°. 

 Their path was through the 12 inches of iron pipe, about 20 feet of glass 

 tubing (pure rubber joints at 4-foot intervals), then through 20 collect- 

 ing tubes and out through the pump at the back. The pumping was 

 kept up for 15 minutes in order to make sure that the air originally con- 

 tained in the pipe-line and connecting tubes was displaced by the gases 

 from the volcano, after which the pump and pipe-line were sealed off 

 with pinch-cocks and the crates raised to the rim. In this pipe-line water 

 began condensing with the first stroke of the pump, and at the end of 15 

 minutes about 300 cubic centimeters had accumulated in the collecting 

 tubes. It was clouded with free sulphur, partly from the original emana- 

 tion and partly from the action of the iron tube on the sulphur dioxide 

 contained in the emanation. 



In arranging this experiment Brim's conclusions were known to us, 

 and accordingly we had provided ourselves with apparatus for collecting 

 fixed gases only. We were wholly unprepared for any which might con- 

 dense in passing through the collecting tubes. What we obtained, there- 

 fore, was a quantity of the fixed gases, which may be assumed to be ap- 

 proximately in the proper. quantitative relation one to another, and water, 

 the latter in considerable excess from the fact that it was not pumped 

 through the tubes with the fixed gases, but condensed and remained be- 

 hind, chiefly in the first three or four tubes. There is, therefore, no way 

 to estimate from the results of this experiment the proportion of water 

 to the total quantity of volatile, matter discharged from the lava. Perhaps 

 this should be regarded as a fortunate mischance notwithstanding, for we 

 were thereby enabled to gather a quantity of water sufficient to establish 

 its existence among the volatile ingredients exhaled by the volcano be- 

 yond the criticism of the most skeptical. Furthermore, the condensing 

 water by its accumulation in the first tubes served as a kind of wash- 

 bottle for the collection of any soluble material contained in the gaseous 

 emanation. 



The next day we began preparations to meet the emergency thus thrust 

 on us by building in the laboratory of the Hawaiian Volcano Research 

 Association 8 an extemporized mercury pump of the displacement type 

 and vacuum tubes especially arranged to meet the conditions which we 



8 The Hawaiian Volcano Research Association is organized under the general super- 

 vision of the Bishop Museum of Honolulu, and is in charge of Prof. T. A. Jaggar, of the 

 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to whom our most cordial thanks are offered for 

 many courtesies extended to us throughout our work at Kilauea. Mr. F. B. Dodge, an 

 assistant in the association laboratory, accompanied us in the first descent into the 

 crater, and Dr. H. O. Wood, who is in charge of the seismologic work of the station, on 

 the second, both rendering invaluable assistance in carrying out this difficult and some- 

 what hazardous task. 



