﻿78 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  autumn 
  another 
  species, 
  as 
  is 
  thouglifc, 
  invades 
  the 
  coast 
  about 
  Aber- 
  

   deen, 
  in 
  Scotland. 
  During 
  this 
  series 
  of 
  years 
  locusts 
  multiply 
  in 
  Per- 
  

   sia 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  Punjab. 
  The 
  next 
  period, 
  occurring 
  from 
  1874 
  until 
  1879, 
  

   is 
  marked 
  by 
  flights 
  of 
  Fachytylus 
  cinerascens 
  Fab., 
  a 
  species 
  which, 
  as 
  

   has 
  been 
  ascertained, 
  propagates 
  in 
  Europe, 
  and 
  that 
  even 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  

   as 
  Belgium, 
  and 
  which 
  is 
  not, 
  therefore, 
  truly 
  an 
  extraneous 
  migrant. 
  

   This 
  locust 
  is 
  reported 
  from 
  Cheddar, 
  in 
  Somersetshire, 
  in 
  1874, 
  and 
  the 
  

   succeeding 
  year 
  we 
  hear 
  of 
  its 
  being 
  destructive 
  near 
  the 
  Lake 
  of 
  Con- 
  

   stance, 
  while 
  a 
  few 
  more 
  examples 
  turn 
  up 
  in 
  England, 
  this 
  time 
  in 
  

   Yorkshire. 
  Caloptenus 
  italieus 
  is 
  simultaneously 
  destructive 
  in 
  France 
  

   and 
  Spain, 
  and 
  during 
  the 
  year 
  3876 
  large 
  masses 
  of 
  both 
  locusts 
  ap- 
  

   pear 
  at 
  Eberwalde. 
  The 
  year 
  succeeding, 
  P. 
  cinerascens 
  again 
  appears 
  

   in 
  greater 
  numbers 
  in 
  Yorkshire. 
  Lastly, 
  as 
  late 
  as 
  1879 
  we 
  find 
  that 
  

   locusts 
  are 
  still 
  numerous 
  in 
  Southern 
  Russia 
  and 
  Caucasia. 
  These 
  

   latter 
  periods, 
  as 
  the 
  former, 
  may 
  severally 
  be 
  compared 
  with 
  the 
  sun- 
  

   spot 
  cycles, 
  and 
  their 
  dependence 
  on 
  the 
  minimum 
  epochs 
  will 
  become 
  

   manifest; 
  they 
  indicate 
  a 
  mean 
  of 
  about 
  6 
  years 
  as 
  the 
  probable 
  dura- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  locust 
  flights 
  in 
  Europe. 
  

  

  That 
  certain 
  insects 
  besides 
  locusts 
  are 
  subject 
  to 
  periodical 
  increase 
  

   in 
  Europe 
  has 
  long 
  ago 
  been 
  pointed 
  out 
  in 
  the 
  Transactions 
  of 
  the 
  

   Zoologisch-Botanischer 
  Yerein 
  in 
  Wien 
  (1855, 
  Bd. 
  5), 
  where 
  the 
  writer 
  

   directs 
  the 
  attention 
  of 
  entomologists 
  to 
  the 
  chronical 
  increase 
  of 
  cer- 
  

   tain 
  Lepidoptera, 
  C. 
  Gardui^ 
  A. 
  Cratcegi, 
  G.JEdusa, 
  B. 
  Galii, 
  8. 
  Gonvolvuli 
  

   and 
  A. 
  Atropos, 
  B. 
  Frocessionea, 
  B. 
  Pinivora, 
  and 
  Gharcvas 
  Grammis; 
  to 
  

   the 
  increase 
  of 
  many 
  Lihellulce 
  and 
  Ephemerae 
  among 
  the 
  2^europtera, 
  

   to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Coccinellce 
  among 
  the 
  Coleoptera, 
  and 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Ghirono- 
  

   mi, 
  Sciarce, 
  and 
  Biploses^^ 
  among 
  the 
  fly 
  kind. 
  This 
  increase 
  the 
  writer 
  

   fancied 
  might 
  recur 
  in 
  periods 
  of 
  many 
  years; 
  but 
  he 
  states 
  that 
  at 
  that 
  

   time 
  sufficient 
  evidence 
  in 
  most 
  cases 
  was 
  wanting. 
  He, 
  however, 
  in 
  the 
  

   context, 
  would 
  seem 
  to 
  refer 
  the 
  phenomenon 
  to 
  meteorological 
  causes, 
  

   and 
  in 
  this 
  matter 
  he 
  has 
  been 
  followed 
  by 
  other 
  commentators. 
  For 
  

   instance, 
  Mr. 
  Stainton, 
  in 
  England, 
  remarks, 
  in 
  the 
  Entomologist's 
  An- 
  

   nual 
  for 
  1859 
  : 
  

  

  The 
  almost 
  unprecedented 
  heat 
  of 
  last 
  June, 
  coming 
  so 
  closely 
  on 
  the 
  heels 
  of 
  the 
  

   unusually 
  hot 
  sniumer 
  of 
  1857, 
  has 
  had 
  a 
  most 
  extraordinary 
  effect 
  on 
  insect 
  life 
  (1858). 
  

   Many 
  species 
  that 
  are 
  usually 
  rare 
  have 
  been 
  taken 
  in 
  som© 
  plenty 
  ; 
  species 
  that 
  are 
  

   generally 
  limited 
  to 
  a 
  few 
  of 
  our' 
  southern 
  counties 
  Jiave 
  wandered 
  far 
  north, 
  and 
  

   some 
  South 
  European 
  species 
  not 
  previously 
  added 
  to 
  our 
  lists 
  have 
  now 
  found 
  a 
  

   place 
  there. 
  

  

  Dr. 
  Knaggs, 
  in 
  the 
  Annual 
  for 
  1864, 
  draws 
  another 
  meteorological 
  

   parallel, 
  and 
  says 
  : 
  

  

  If 
  we 
  look 
  back 
  we 
  shall 
  find 
  that 
  the 
  notably 
  severe 
  winters 
  which 
  terminated 
  the 
  

   years 
  of 
  1824, 
  1834, 
  1844, 
  1854 
  — 
  those 
  of 
  1794 
  and 
  1814 
  were 
  also 
  intense 
  — 
  were 
  followed 
  

   by 
  seasons 
  remarkably 
  good 
  for 
  collecting,. 
  

  

  Three 
  of 
  these 
  years 
  follow 
  on 
  the 
  minimum 
  years 
  of 
  sun-spots. 
  

  

  J8 
  Several 
  distinct 
  species 
  of 
  Tipnla 
  are 
  probably 
  here 
  indicated; 
  Kirby 
  and 
  Spence, 
  Intro., 
  pp. 
  91-92, 
  

   Ed. 
  7; 
  Stettin 
  Ent. 
  Zeit., 
  S. 
  65-96; 
  Trans. 
  Ent. 
  Soc. 
  London, 
  1881, 
  p. 
  605. 
  

  

  