﻿SOLAR 
  PHYSICS 
  AND 
  LOCUST 
  INCREASE. 
  81 
  

  

  My 
  second 
  table 
  (Table 
  II) 
  is 
  drawn 
  up 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  illustrate 
  this 
  subject, 
  

   and 
  it 
  will 
  show 
  how 
  the 
  phenomena 
  of 
  multiplication 
  and 
  migration 
  of 
  

   European 
  Lepidoptera 
  may 
  be 
  correlated 
  with 
  the 
  sun-spot 
  cycles. 
  It 
  

   refers 
  to 
  the 
  periodical 
  occurrence 
  of 
  certain 
  rare 
  moths 
  and 
  butterflies 
  

   in 
  the 
  United 
  Kingdom, 
  which, 
  from 
  their 
  persistent 
  first 
  appearance 
  on 
  

   our 
  eastern 
  and 
  southeastern 
  seaboard, 
  are 
  very 
  generally 
  supposed 
  by 
  

   entomologists 
  to 
  be 
  migrants 
  to 
  this 
  country. 
  It 
  has 
  been 
  also 
  surmised 
  

   that 
  these 
  come 
  to 
  us 
  as 
  the 
  vanguard 
  of 
  a 
  great 
  and 
  well-defined 
  mi- 
  

   gration 
  of 
  insects 
  that 
  periodically 
  sweeps 
  over 
  the 
  European 
  area, 
  orig- 
  

   inating, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  locust 
  invasions, 
  if 
  we 
  judge 
  from 
  the 
  localities 
  

   of 
  observation 
  and 
  description 
  of 
  the 
  species, 
  in 
  Africa 
  or 
  southern 
  Asia. 
  

   In 
  constructing 
  this 
  table, 
  I 
  have 
  selected 
  a 
  dozen 
  of 
  these 
  rarities 
  whose 
  

   fitful 
  appearance 
  in 
  this 
  kingdom 
  has 
  been 
  sufficiently 
  chronicled 
  to 
  

   afford 
  me 
  certain 
  results, 
  and 
  I 
  have 
  given 
  a 
  numerical 
  abstract 
  of 
  the 
  

   records 
  relating 
  to 
  their 
  capture, 
  from 
  the 
  Magazine 
  of 
  Natural 
  History, 
  

   Zoologist, 
  Entomological 
  Magazine, 
  Entomologist, 
  the 
  Entomologist's 
  

   Weekly 
  Intelligencer, 
  and 
  the 
  Entomologist's 
  Monthly 
  Magazine. 
  I 
  

   have 
  likewise 
  found 
  it 
  proper 
  to 
  consult 
  the 
  Naturalist, 
  Newman's 
  

   British 
  Butterflies, 
  and 
  other 
  works. 
  

  

  The 
  plan 
  I 
  have 
  followed 
  is 
  in 
  all 
  cases 
  to 
  give 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  each 
  

   kind 
  of 
  moth 
  or 
  butterfly 
  captured 
  or 
  seen 
  during 
  a 
  particular 
  year, 
  but 
  

   in 
  the 
  instance 
  of 
  the 
  commonx^lace 
  Clouded 
  Yellow 
  (0. 
  Udusa), 
  where 
  

   scarcity 
  or 
  frequency 
  is 
  alone 
  a 
  subject 
  of 
  comment 
  with 
  our 
  entomolo- 
  

   gists, 
  something 
  more 
  was 
  needed, 
  and 
  to 
  meet 
  this 
  emergency 
  I 
  have, 
  

   over 
  and 
  above, 
  adopted 
  an 
  arbitrary 
  method 
  of 
  placing 
  a 
  5 
  for 
  every 
  

   notice 
  of 
  the 
  butterfly 
  being 
  plentiful, 
  a 
  10 
  for 
  every 
  notice 
  of 
  its 
  being 
  

   common, 
  and 
  a 
  20 
  for 
  every 
  notice 
  of 
  its 
  being 
  abundant. 
  In 
  this 
  way 
  

   I 
  have 
  arrived 
  at 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  numbers, 
  which, 
  if 
  they 
  fail 
  in 
  every 
  case 
  

   to 
  translate 
  the 
  exact 
  meaning 
  of 
  the 
  writer, 
  will 
  nevertheless 
  to 
  all 
  

   intents 
  and 
  purposes 
  serve 
  truly 
  and 
  concisely 
  to 
  indicate 
  the 
  fluctua- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  the 
  species. 
  In 
  addition 
  to 
  this, 
  it 
  has 
  seemed 
  of 
  importance 
  to 
  

   indicate 
  the 
  period 
  of 
  the 
  year 
  when 
  the 
  captures 
  were 
  made, 
  and 
  to 
  this 
  

   end 
  I 
  have 
  affixed 
  an 
  s, 
  spring, 
  or 
  an 
  a, 
  autumn, 
  to 
  the 
  numbers 
  ; 
  or, 
  in 
  the 
  

   case 
  of 
  the 
  hawk 
  moths, 
  I 
  have 
  placed 
  the 
  contraction 
  lar., 
  and 
  word 
  

   hred, 
  with 
  a 
  numerical 
  figure 
  to 
  show 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  caterpillars 
  of 
  a 
  

   species 
  found 
  or 
  bred 
  in 
  this 
  country 
  in 
  such 
  and 
  such 
  a 
  year. 
  The 
  

   solar 
  cycles 
  are 
  indicated 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  column, 
  the 
  epochs 
  of 
  fewest 
  sun- 
  

   spots 
  beiug 
  marked 
  with 
  a 
  small 
  m, 
  and 
  those 
  of 
  most 
  sun-spots 
  being 
  

   denoted 
  by 
  a 
  capital 
  M. 
  

  

  It 
  will 
  be 
  then 
  noticed 
  that 
  the 
  periods 
  of 
  influx, 
  although 
  marked 
  in 
  

   the 
  table 
  as 
  commencing 
  with 
  the 
  epoch 
  of 
  minimum 
  spots, 
  are, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  

   instance 
  of 
  European 
  locust 
  invasions, 
  protracted 
  until 
  the 
  ensuing 
  

   maximum, 
  on 
  the 
  exi^iration 
  of 
  which 
  a 
  sudden 
  diminution 
  in 
  the 
  num- 
  

   ber 
  of 
  rarities 
  noticed 
  is 
  manifest. 
  As 
  many 
  of 
  these, 
  and 
  the 
  hawk 
  

   moths 
  in 
  particular, 
  have 
  tlieir 
  home 
  on 
  the 
  borders 
  of 
  the 
  tropics, 
  it 
  is 
  

   6e 
  

  

  