﻿122 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  the 
  round 
  of 
  the 
  insect's 
  life 
  may 
  be 
  completed, 
  under 
  favorable 
  cir- 
  

   cumstances, 
  in 
  less 
  than 
  forty 
  days. 
  It 
  would 
  be 
  difficult 
  to 
  give 
  any 
  

   exact 
  number 
  of 
  broods 
  for 
  the 
  southern 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  country, 
  for, 
  as 
  we 
  

   have 
  already 
  shown, 
  with 
  mild 
  winters 
  a 
  succession 
  of 
  generations 
  is 
  

   maintained 
  during 
  the 
  whole 
  year 
  without 
  any 
  so-called 
  dormant 
  or 
  

   hibernating 
  period. 
  In 
  other 
  years 
  the 
  hibernating 
  period 
  varies 
  with 
  

   the 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  severe 
  winter 
  weather, 
  and 
  of 
  course 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  gen- 
  

   erations 
  is 
  influenced 
  thereby. 
  Moreover 
  the 
  confusion 
  of 
  generations 
  is 
  

   so 
  great 
  that 
  it 
  will 
  always 
  be 
  difficult 
  to 
  ascertain 
  positively 
  the 
  num- 
  

   ber 
  of 
  broods 
  in 
  a 
  given 
  year. 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  ^orth 
  the 
  same 
  facts 
  hold, 
  though 
  in 
  a 
  lesser 
  degree, 
  and 
  we 
  

   believe 
  that 
  the 
  same 
  number 
  of 
  broods 
  which 
  we 
  have 
  proven 
  for 
  north- 
  

   ern 
  Illinois 
  will 
  hold 
  for 
  all 
  points 
  between 
  the 
  Ohio 
  Eiver 
  and 
  the 
  Great 
  

   Lakes 
  and 
  north 
  to 
  central 
  New 
  York, 
  namely, 
  normally 
  three 
  and 
  pos- 
  

   sibly 
  or 
  exceptionally 
  four. 
  ^^ 
  

  

  HIBERNATION. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  course 
  of 
  the 
  discussion 
  of 
  the 
  habits 
  and 
  natural 
  history 
  of 
  

   the 
  Army 
  Worm, 
  extending 
  over 
  the 
  last 
  twenty 
  years, 
  hibernation 
  in 
  

   each 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  four 
  stages 
  has 
  had 
  its 
  strong 
  advocates. 
  Walsh, 
  in 
  his 
  

   many 
  articles, 
  upheld 
  most 
  emphatically 
  the 
  probability 
  of 
  hibernation 
  

   in 
  the 
  egg 
  state, 
  bringing 
  what 
  seemed 
  to 
  be 
  strong 
  arguments 
  to 
  its 
  

   support. 
  Thomas, 
  French, 
  Kirkpatrick, 
  Klippart, 
  and 
  others 
  have 
  as 
  

   strongly 
  supported 
  pupal 
  hibernation, 
  while 
  in 
  the 
  Missouri 
  Keports 
  we 
  

   have 
  given 
  reasons 
  for 
  supposing 
  that 
  the 
  species 
  may 
  hibernate 
  both 
  

   as 
  larv£e 
  and 
  as 
  adults. 
  Comstock, 
  in 
  his 
  1879 
  report, 
  upheld 
  the 
  

   hibernation 
  of 
  the 
  moth 
  as 
  the 
  only 
  proved 
  method. 
  The 
  discussion 
  

   of 
  this 
  point 
  from 
  our 
  Eighth 
  Missouri 
  Eeport 
  (1875) 
  will 
  bear 
  rep- 
  

   etition 
  : 
  

  

  Accepting 
  as 
  facts 
  that 
  the 
  eggs 
  are 
  laid 
  both 
  in 
  fall 
  and 
  spring, 
  the 
  following 
  ques- 
  

   tions 
  are 
  to 
  be 
  considered: 
  Ist, 
  whether 
  the 
  eggs 
  laid 
  in 
  autumn 
  hibernate 
  as 
  such, 
  

   or 
  whether 
  the 
  larvae 
  first 
  hatch 
  and 
  hibernate 
  while 
  small; 
  2d, 
  whether 
  those 
  laid 
  

   in 
  spring 
  are 
  by 
  moths 
  which 
  issued 
  at 
  that 
  season, 
  after 
  hibernating 
  as 
  chrysalides, 
  

   or 
  by 
  such 
  as 
  issued 
  the 
  preceding 
  fall 
  and 
  hibernated 
  as 
  moths. 
  

  

  As 
  bearing 
  on 
  the 
  first 
  question 
  it 
  is 
  interesting 
  to 
  note 
  that 
  the 
  European 
  species 
  

   of 
  the 
  genus, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  their 
  habits 
  are 
  known, 
  hibernate 
  in 
  the 
  larva 
  state. 
  Thus 
  

   Leucania 
  Uthargyna 
  Esper, 
  and 
  L. 
  turca 
  (Linn.) 
  hibernate 
  as 
  young 
  larvie, 
  while 
  L. 
  

  

  ^The 
  delay 
  in 
  the 
  printing 
  of 
  this 
  report 
  pennits 
  us 
  to 
  add, 
  in 
  this 
  connection, 
  that 
  the 
  experience 
  

   of 
  1882 
  renders 
  it 
  prohahle 
  that 
  at 
  Washin<itou 
  there 
  are 
  at 
  least 
  five 
  annual 
  generations 
  and 
  possibly 
  

   a 
  sixth. 
  As 
  already 
  indicated 
  above, 
  we 
  found 
  Libernatirg 
  -worms 
  during 
  all 
  the 
  mild 
  "weather 
  of 
  late 
  

   vyinter 
  and 
  early 
  spring, 
  and 
  obtained 
  the 
  first 
  moths 
  therefrom 
  (doubtless 
  hastened 
  somewhat 
  by 
  in- 
  

   door 
  temperature) 
  early 
  in 
  March. 
  Calling 
  this 
  the 
  first 
  generation 
  of 
  moths, 
  sugaring 
  at 
  night 
  from 
  

   the 
  beginning 
  of 
  May 
  till 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  October, 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Koebele. 
  and 
  experiments 
  in 
  the 
  vivaria, 
  showed 
  

   quite 
  plainly 
  that 
  a 
  second 
  generation 
  of 
  moths 
  prevailed 
  the 
  latter 
  part 
  of 
  April 
  and 
  into 
  May. 
  The 
  

   third 
  generation 
  occurred 
  about 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  June, 
  the 
  fourth 
  from 
  the 
  middle 
  to 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  July, 
  the 
  

   fifth 
  during 
  the 
  latter 
  part 
  of 
  August 
  and 
  through 
  September. 
  Moths 
  were 
  captured 
  abundantly 
  all 
  

   through 
  Septemher 
  and 
  October 
  and 
  even 
  early 
  in 
  November, 
  and 
  while 
  we 
  believe 
  that 
  the 
  larvae 
  pro- 
  

   duced 
  therefrom 
  mostly 
  hibernate, 
  yet 
  it 
  is 
  extremely 
  probable 
  that 
  many 
  produced 
  images 
  which 
  

   would 
  form 
  the 
  sixth 
  and 
  hibernating 
  generation 
  of 
  moths. 
  

  

  