﻿THE 
  FALL 
  CANKER 
  WORM 
  HABITS 
  OF. 
  181 
  

  

  ning 
  through 
  it. 
  Venter 
  olivaceous, 
  the 
  legs 
  more 
  reddish, 
  there 
  heing 
  three 
  pairs 
  of 
  

   prolegs, 
  the 
  pair 
  on 
  joint 
  8 
  only 
  half 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  those 
  on 
  9, 
  but 
  with 
  perfect 
  hooklets; 
  

   the 
  thoracic 
  legs 
  quite 
  hirsute 
  and 
  terminating 
  generally 
  in 
  two 
  thorns. 
  Piliferous 
  

   spots 
  obsolete 
  and 
  with 
  a 
  very 
  few 
  scarcely 
  distinguishable 
  pale 
  hairs, 
  except 
  on 
  anal 
  

   shield 
  and 
  legs, 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  stouter. 
  Anal 
  shield 
  and 
  legs 
  with 
  brown 
  piliferous 
  

   dots. 
  The 
  larva 
  when 
  first 
  hatched 
  is 
  yellowish-white, 
  with 
  the 
  black 
  eyelets 
  show- 
  

   ing 
  distinctly 
  on 
  the 
  pale 
  head. 
  It 
  soon 
  deepens 
  to 
  pale 
  olive 
  green, 
  with 
  a 
  large 
  pale- 
  

   yellowish 
  head 
  and 
  pale 
  legs. 
  The 
  light 
  lines 
  of 
  the 
  mature 
  larva 
  are, 
  at 
  this 
  early 
  

   stage, 
  ftiintly 
  indicated 
  and 
  the 
  piliferous 
  spots 
  give 
  forth 
  short, 
  fleshy, 
  pale 
  hairs. 
  

   The 
  third 
  pair 
  of 
  prolegs 
  is 
  distinctly 
  visible, 
  but 
  is 
  not 
  used 
  in 
  locomotion. 
  After 
  

   the 
  first 
  molt 
  the 
  head 
  and 
  thoracic 
  legs 
  become 
  somewbat 
  browner, 
  and 
  the 
  olivace- 
  

   ous 
  green 
  more 
  bluish. 
  After 
  the 
  second 
  molt, 
  the 
  dark 
  colors 
  show 
  much 
  more 
  dis- 
  

   tinctly. 
  / 
  

  

  Described 
  from 
  numerous 
  full-grown 
  specimens 
  received 
  from 
  Mr. 
  B. 
  P. 
  Mann, 
  others 
  

   received 
  from 
  Dr. 
  A. 
  S. 
  Packard, 
  jr., 
  and 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  all 
  ages 
  reared 
  by 
  myself 
  

   from 
  the 
  egg. 
  

  

  It 
  varies 
  somewhat 
  in 
  intensity 
  of 
  color, 
  and 
  in 
  some 
  the 
  light 
  and 
  dark 
  browns 
  

   are 
  not 
  so 
  sharply 
  separated, 
  but 
  the 
  dorsum 
  is 
  generally 
  uniform 
  and 
  the 
  three 
  lat- 
  

   eral 
  yellow 
  lines 
  distinct. 
  Up 
  to 
  the 
  second 
  or 
  last 
  molt, 
  the 
  general 
  color 
  is, 
  with 
  

   rare 
  exceptions, 
  greenish; 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  last 
  stage, 
  the 
  dark-brown 
  or 
  black 
  predomi- 
  

   nates, 
  and 
  is 
  sometimes 
  so 
  general 
  that 
  there 
  is 
  but 
  the 
  faintest 
  trace 
  of 
  the 
  superior 
  

   yellow 
  lines. 
  Occasional 
  specimens, 
  even 
  when 
  young, 
  show 
  in 
  the 
  subdorsal 
  dark 
  

   space 
  one, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  dorsal 
  dark 
  space 
  two, 
  very 
  fine 
  and 
  faint 
  pale 
  lines. 
  Differs 
  

   entirely 
  from 
  veniata 
  in 
  lacking 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  characteristic 
  spots 
  in 
  front 
  of 
  the 
  head 
  

   of 
  that 
  species, 
  and 
  the 
  two 
  pale 
  transverse 
  marks 
  ; 
  in 
  having 
  the 
  dorsum 
  darker 
  in- 
  

   stead 
  of 
  lighter 
  than 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  body; 
  in 
  lacking 
  the 
  medio-dorsal 
  pale 
  lines 
  and 
  

   the 
  characteristic 
  x-like 
  marks 
  ; 
  in 
  the 
  broader, 
  more 
  conspicuous 
  pale 
  lateral 
  lines, 
  

   and 
  in 
  the 
  subdorsal 
  space 
  being 
  darker 
  than 
  the 
  stigmatal; 
  and 
  lastly 
  in 
  the 
  addi- 
  

   tional, 
  though 
  atrojihied, 
  abdominal 
  prolegs. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  smoother 
  larva. 
  

  

  Cln-ysalis 
  — 
  Color 
  light 
  brown, 
  with 
  the 
  wing-sheaths, 
  a 
  medio-dorsal 
  shade, 
  sutures 
  

   and 
  stigmata 
  darker. 
  Length 
  0.30-0.35 
  inch; 
  stout, 
  with 
  the 
  wing-sheaths 
  and 
  

   their 
  veins 
  distinct 
  in 
  the 
  female 
  ; 
  a 
  dorsal, 
  bifid, 
  decurved 
  tubercle 
  near 
  the 
  tip 
  of 
  

   anal 
  joint. 
  

  

  HABITS 
  AND 
  NATURAL 
  HISTORY. 
  

  

  In 
  many 
  particnlars 
  the 
  habits 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  and 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Spring 
  

   species 
  are 
  similar. 
  We 
  will 
  mention 
  here 
  more 
  particularly 
  those 
  hab- 
  

   its 
  wherein 
  the 
  Fall 
  species 
  differs 
  from 
  the 
  other 
  : 
  

  

  Issuance 
  of 
  the 
  moth. 
  — 
  The 
  moths 
  rise 
  from 
  the 
  ground, 
  for 
  the 
  

   most 
  i)art, 
  late 
  in 
  the 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  year 
  — 
  generally 
  beginning 
  about 
  the 
  

   middle 
  or 
  latter 
  part 
  of 
  October 
  — 
  although 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  come 
  

   out 
  of 
  the 
  earth 
  in 
  the 
  winter 
  during 
  warm 
  weather 
  and 
  in 
  spring. 
  

  

  Of 
  twenty-seven 
  chrysalides 
  from 
  which 
  we 
  obtained 
  moths 
  in 
  1875, 
  

   a 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  cocoons 
  being 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  covered 
  flower-pot 
  outdoors 
  

   so 
  that 
  they 
  might 
  be 
  submitted 
  to 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  frost, 
  and 
  another 
  

   portion 
  being 
  retained 
  in 
  breeding 
  cages 
  indoors, 
  so 
  as 
  not 
  to 
  be 
  affected 
  

   by 
  frost, 
  the 
  former 
  began 
  to 
  issue 
  first, 
  and 
  a 
  larger 
  percentage 
  of 
  

   moths 
  were 
  obtained 
  from 
  that 
  portion 
  than 
  from 
  those 
  kept 
  indoors 
  — 
  

   which 
  would 
  indicate 
  that 
  a 
  low, 
  freezing 
  temperature, 
  followed 
  by 
  a 
  

   thaw, 
  assists 
  development, 
  though 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  essential. 
  These 
  moths, 
  

   two 
  of 
  which 
  were 
  males, 
  and 
  twenty-five 
  females, 
  issued 
  almost 
  daily 
  

   from 
  November 
  8 
  to 
  December 
  9. 
  

  

  