﻿THE 
  HESSIAN 
  FLY 
  IN 
  GERMANY. 
  237 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  same 
  page 
  of 
  this 
  article 
  Dr. 
  Hagen 
  remarks 
  as 
  follows: 
  

   Mr. 
  V. 
  von 
  Motscliulsky 
  describes 
  in 
  1852 
  a 
  fly 
  very 
  obnoxious 
  to 
  the 
  wheat 
  in 
  the 
  

   governments 
  of 
  Saraton 
  and 
  Simbirek, 
  in 
  Rusland 
  [Russia], 
  as 
  C. 
  funeata^ 
  together 
  

   with 
  its 
  parasites. 
  I 
  may 
  add 
  that 
  von 
  Motschulsky, 
  after 
  his 
  return 
  from 
  America, 
  

   and 
  having 
  received 
  typical 
  specimens 
  of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly 
  and 
  its 
  parasites 
  from 
  Dr. 
  

   A. 
  Fitch, 
  has 
  assured 
  me 
  that 
  C. 
  funesta 
  and 
  C. 
  destructor 
  are 
  the 
  same 
  species. 
  This- 
  

   is 
  also 
  accepted 
  in 
  von 
  Osten 
  Sacken's 
  catalogue. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  appendix 
  we 
  present 
  a 
  translation 
  of 
  Professor 
  Cohn's 
  re- 
  

   searches 
  on 
  the 
  injuries 
  committed 
  by 
  the 
  Hessian 
  Fly 
  in 
  the 
  summer 
  of 
  

   1869 
  in 
  Silesia. 
  

  

  Desirous 
  of 
  obtaining 
  specimens 
  of 
  and 
  information 
  concerning 
  the 
  

   European 
  insect, 
  we 
  wrote 
  to 
  several 
  entomologists 
  in 
  Germany 
  and 
  

   Austria. 
  From 
  Prof. 
  Ferdinand 
  Oohn, 
  of 
  the 
  University 
  of 
  Breslau, 
  we 
  

   received 
  the 
  following 
  obliging 
  letter, 
  which 
  throws 
  much 
  light 
  upon 
  the 
  

   subject. 
  The 
  specimens 
  he 
  sent 
  us 
  were 
  duly 
  received. 
  On 
  comparing 
  

   the 
  ten 
  German 
  puparia 
  with 
  numerous 
  specimens 
  from 
  the 
  Middle 
  States 
  

   we 
  can 
  find 
  absolutely 
  no 
  varietal 
  difference 
  between 
  them, 
  either 
  in 
  the 
  

   form 
  of 
  the 
  segments 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  puparium 
  at 
  either 
  end. 
  We 
  

   have 
  not 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  reading 
  proofs 
  of 
  these 
  pages 
  again 
  heard 
  

   from 
  Professor 
  Cohn 
  ; 
  and 
  careful 
  comparisons 
  between 
  the 
  Euroi^ean 
  

   and 
  American 
  examples 
  of 
  the 
  larva, 
  pupa, 
  and 
  imago 
  of 
  the 
  Cecidomyia 
  

   destructor 
  have 
  yet 
  to 
  be 
  made. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  is 
  a 
  copy 
  verbatim 
  of 
  Professor 
  Gohn's 
  letter 
  which 
  was 
  

  

  written 
  in 
  English 
  : 
  

  

  Bkeslau, 
  February 
  28, 
  1882. 
  

  

  Dear 
  Sir 
  : 
  I 
  regret 
  that 
  I 
  am 
  not 
  more 
  in 
  the 
  possession 
  of 
  specimens 
  of 
  the 
  Ceci- 
  

   domyia 
  which 
  I 
  did 
  mention 
  in 
  my 
  Untersuchungen 
  iiber 
  Insektenschaden 
  in 
  1869. 
  If 
  

   my 
  memory 
  does 
  not 
  deceive 
  me, 
  I 
  sent 
  the 
  fly 
  to 
  Professor 
  Loew, 
  with 
  whom 
  I 
  was 
  

   corresponding 
  in 
  that 
  time 
  about 
  the 
  matter. 
  The 
  only 
  specimen 
  of 
  an 
  injured 
  wheat- 
  

   stalk 
  I 
  can 
  find 
  in 
  my 
  collections 
  contains 
  also 
  a 
  puparium, 
  and 
  I 
  beg 
  to 
  send 
  it 
  to 
  

   you 
  in 
  the 
  accompanying 
  parcel. 
  In 
  the 
  same 
  box 
  I 
  inclose 
  the 
  only 
  remains 
  of 
  the 
  

   female 
  fly 
  which 
  I 
  still 
  possess, 
  '^^ 
  the 
  rest 
  being 
  destroyed 
  by 
  Psocus. 
  In 
  1880 
  I 
  had 
  

   opportunity 
  to 
  study 
  a 
  second 
  time 
  the 
  damages 
  of 
  this 
  fly. 
  A 
  seed-merchant 
  in 
  a 
  dis- 
  

   trict 
  not 
  far 
  from 
  Breslau 
  ( 
  Jrebnitzer 
  Kreis) 
  had 
  sold 
  to 
  the 
  farmers 
  seed 
  of 
  English 
  

   wheat 
  (Wechselweizen) 
  which 
  is 
  believed' 
  to 
  grow 
  with 
  equal 
  ease 
  as 
  summer 
  or 
  as 
  

   winter 
  corn. 
  The 
  farmers 
  had 
  sown 
  the 
  seed 
  in 
  autumn, 
  1879, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  

   spring 
  the 
  wheat 
  had 
  grown 
  sick 
  and 
  did 
  not 
  produce 
  ears. 
  April, 
  1880, 
  from 
  the 
  

   15th 
  to 
  the 
  23d, 
  had 
  been 
  extraordinarily 
  warm 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  24th 
  April 
  the 
  thermometer 
  

   began 
  to 
  fall 
  ; 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  April 
  to 
  the 
  midst 
  of 
  May 
  were 
  cool 
  ; 
  from 
  14th 
  to 
  16th 
  May 
  

   few 
  mild 
  and 
  sunny 
  days 
  ; 
  then 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  very 
  rough 
  and 
  unusually 
  cold 
  days 
  fol- 
  

   lowed 
  (17th-25th 
  of 
  May) 
  ; 
  on 
  the 
  20th 
  frost, 
  which 
  did 
  injure 
  the 
  fields 
  in 
  whole 
  

   Silesia. 
  Summer 
  wheat 
  had 
  not 
  been 
  injured 
  by 
  this 
  weather 
  ; 
  I 
  found 
  the 
  fields 
  of 
  

   that 
  variety 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  days 
  of 
  August 
  in 
  the 
  finest 
  growth. 
  But 
  the 
  English 
  Wech- 
  

   selweizen 
  sown 
  in 
  autumn, 
  1879, 
  had 
  shown 
  the 
  most 
  manifest 
  sickness, 
  the 
  shoots 
  being 
  

   very 
  numerous, 
  but 
  low, 
  yellow, 
  and 
  without 
  or 
  very 
  rarely 
  producing 
  ears. 
  Nearly 
  

   in 
  all 
  the 
  shoots 
  I 
  found 
  on 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  stalks 
  the 
  larvsB 
  of 
  , 
  the 
  pupae 
  or 
  that 
  

   Cecidomyia 
  which 
  I 
  believe 
  to 
  be 
  C. 
  destructor 
  or 
  Hessian 
  fly 
  ; 
  larvae 
  were 
  found 
  still 
  

   in 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  August. 
  

  

  The 
  enormous 
  damage 
  in 
  that 
  country 
  is 
  due, 
  I 
  believe, 
  to 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly, 
  the 
  eggs 
  

   of 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  deposited 
  in 
  autumn, 
  1879, 
  upon 
  the 
  young 
  crop. 
  The 
  first 
  gener- 
  

   ation 
  of 
  flies 
  had 
  swarmed 
  out, 
  I 
  suppose, 
  in 
  the 
  second 
  half 
  of 
  April, 
  favored 
  by 
  the 
  

  

  ^i^Is 
  not 
  practicable. 
  [This 
  was 
  therefore 
  not 
  sent. 
  — 
  A. 
  S. 
  P., 
  jr.] 
  

  

  