﻿HESSIAN 
  FLY: 
  SUMMARY 
  OF 
  REMEDIES. 
  245 
  

  

  sown, 
  tliey 
  assume 
  tlie 
  "flaxseed" 
  state, 
  and 
  may, 
  on 
  removing 
  the 
  

   lower 
  leaves, 
  be 
  found 
  as 
  little 
  brown, 
  oval, 
  cylindrical, 
  smooth 
  bodies, 
  

   a 
  little 
  smaller 
  thaii 
  grains 
  of 
  rice. 
  They 
  remain 
  in 
  the 
  wheat 
  until 
  dur- 
  

   ing 
  warm 
  weather 
  j 
  in 
  April 
  the 
  larva 
  rapidly 
  transforms 
  into 
  the 
  jiupa 
  

   within 
  its 
  flaxseed 
  skin, 
  the 
  fly 
  emerging 
  from 
  the 
  flaxseed 
  case 
  about 
  

   the 
  end 
  of 
  April. 
  The 
  eggs 
  laid 
  by 
  this 
  first 
  or 
  spring 
  brood 
  of 
  flies 
  

   soon 
  hatch 
  ; 
  the 
  second 
  brood 
  of 
  maggots 
  live 
  but 
  a 
  few 
  weeks, 
  the 
  flax- 
  

   seed 
  state 
  is 
  soon 
  undergone, 
  and 
  the 
  autumn 
  or 
  second 
  brood 
  of 
  flies 
  

   appear 
  in 
  August. 
  (In 
  some 
  cases 
  there 
  may 
  be 
  two 
  autumn 
  broods, 
  

   the 
  earliest 
  August 
  brood 
  giving 
  rise 
  to 
  a 
  third 
  set 
  of 
  flies 
  in 
  September.) 
  

  

  3. 
  There 
  are 
  several 
  destructive 
  ichneumon 
  parasites 
  of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  

   Fly, 
  whose 
  combined 
  attacks 
  are 
  supposed 
  at 
  times 
  to 
  destroy 
  about 
  

   nine-tenths 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  flies 
  hatched. 
  Of 
  these, 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  is 
  the 
  

   Ohalcid 
  four- 
  winged 
  fly 
  {8emiotellus 
  destructor, 
  Plate 
  lY, 
  fig. 
  i, 
  much 
  en- 
  

   larged), 
  which 
  infests 
  the 
  flaxseed 
  j 
  and 
  and 
  the 
  small 
  parasite 
  (Platy- 
  

   gaster. 
  Fig. 
  9, 
  p. 
  219, 
  ante). 
  

  

  4. 
  By 
  sowing 
  a 
  i)art 
  of 
  the 
  wheat 
  early, 
  and, 
  if 
  affected 
  by 
  the 
  fly, 
  

   plowing 
  and 
  sowing 
  the 
  rest 
  after 
  September 
  20, 
  the 
  wheat 
  crop 
  may 
  

   in 
  most 
  cases 
  be 
  saved. 
  It 
  should 
  be 
  remembered 
  that 
  the 
  first 
  brood 
  

   should 
  be 
  thus 
  circumvented 
  or 
  destroyed 
  in 
  order 
  that 
  a 
  second, 
  or 
  

   spring, 
  brood 
  may 
  not 
  appear. 
  

  

  o. 
  If 
  the 
  wheat 
  be 
  only 
  i^artially 
  affected, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  saved 
  by 
  fertilizers 
  

   and 
  careful 
  cultivation 
  ; 
  or 
  a 
  badly-damaged 
  field 
  of 
  winter 
  wheat 
  may 
  

   thus 
  be 
  recui^erated 
  in 
  the 
  spring. 
  

  

  6. 
  Pasturing 
  with 
  sheep, 
  and 
  consequent 
  close 
  cropping 
  of 
  the 
  winter 
  

   wheat 
  in 
  i^Tovember 
  and 
  early 
  December, 
  may 
  cause 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  egg^, 
  

   larvse, 
  and 
  flaxseeds 
  to 
  be 
  destroyed 
  ', 
  also, 
  rolling 
  the 
  ground 
  may 
  have 
  

   nearly 
  the 
  same 
  effect. 
  

  

  7. 
  Sowing 
  hardy 
  varieties. 
  The 
  Underhill 
  Mediterranean 
  wheat, 
  and 
  

   especially 
  the 
  Lancaster 
  variety, 
  which 
  tillers 
  vigorously, 
  should 
  be 
  sown 
  

   in 
  preference 
  to 
  the 
  slighter, 
  less 
  vigorous 
  kinds 
  in 
  a 
  region 
  much 
  in- 
  

   fested 
  by 
  the 
  fly. 
  The 
  early 
  (August) 
  sown 
  wheat 
  might 
  beDiehl; 
  the 
  

   late 
  sown, 
  Lancaster 
  or 
  Olawson. 
  

  

  8. 
  Of 
  special 
  remedies, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  lime, 
  soot, 
  or 
  salt 
  may 
  be 
  recom- 
  

   mended, 
  also 
  raking 
  off 
  the 
  stubble 
  ; 
  but 
  too 
  close 
  cutting 
  of 
  the 
  wheat 
  

   and 
  burning 
  the 
  stubble 
  are 
  of 
  doubtful 
  use, 
  as 
  this 
  destroys 
  the 
  useful 
  

   l^arasites 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  flies. 
  

  

  LIST 
  OF 
  WORKS 
  AND 
  ARTICLES 
  RELATING 
  TO 
  THE 
  HESSIAN 
  FLY. 
  

  

  The 
  following 
  list 
  embraces 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  writings 
  relating 
  to 
  

   the 
  Hessian 
  Fly. 
  The 
  titles 
  of 
  many 
  of 
  them 
  are 
  taken 
  from 
  Fitch's 
  re- 
  

   port 
  and 
  the 
  bibliographical 
  list 
  in 
  Bergenstamm 
  and 
  Loew's 
  Synopsis 
  

   Cecidomyidarum 
  : 
  

  

  DUHAMEL. 
  Elements 
  cl'Agricnlture. 
  Par 
  Duhamel 
  du 
  Mouceau. 
  Paris, 
  1771, 
  i, 
  p. 
  

  

  229. 
  

   Morgan, 
  George. 
  Pennsylvania 
  Mercury, 
  June 
  8, 
  Sept. 
  14, 
  1787, 
  

   Clark, 
  Thomas. 
  Pennsylvania 
  Mercury, 
  Sept. 
  14, 
  17S7. 
  

  

  