﻿CHAPTER 
  XI. 
  

  

  THE 
  SYSTEMATIC 
  POSITION 
  OF 
  THE 
  OETHOPTEEA 
  IN 
  RELATION 
  TO 
  

   OTHER 
  ORDERS 
  OF 
  INSECTS. 
  

  

  It 
  may 
  not 
  be 
  out 
  of 
  place, 
  considering 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  space 
  given 
  in 
  

   tlie 
  reports 
  of 
  the 
  Commission 
  to 
  matters 
  of 
  a 
  practical 
  nature, 
  and 
  also 
  

   taking 
  into 
  account 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  these 
  reports 
  are 
  widely 
  sent 
  to 
  ento- 
  

   mologists, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  to 
  farmers 
  and 
  planters, 
  to 
  give 
  the 
  scientific 
  reader 
  

   a 
  brief 
  sketch 
  or 
  abstract 
  of 
  the 
  results 
  of 
  an 
  examination 
  of 
  the 
  ex- 
  

   ternal 
  anatomy 
  of 
  the 
  Orthoptera 
  in 
  general, 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  locust 
  is 
  a 
  

   type. 
  This 
  we 
  have 
  attempted 
  to 
  do, 
  but 
  in 
  undertaking 
  this 
  task 
  we 
  

   have 
  been 
  led 
  perforce 
  to 
  examine 
  those 
  insects 
  allied 
  to 
  the 
  Ortho- 
  

   ptera, 
  i. 
  e.j 
  the 
  Pseudoneuroptera 
  and 
  Neuroptera. 
  This 
  has 
  led 
  us 
  to 
  

   review 
  the 
  characteristics 
  of 
  the 
  four 
  lowest 
  orders 
  of 
  winged 
  insects. 
  

   The 
  results 
  of 
  this 
  review 
  we 
  here 
  present 
  for 
  the 
  consideration 
  of 
  zool- 
  

   ogists. 
  It 
  is 
  believed 
  that 
  so 
  detailed 
  a 
  survey 
  of 
  the 
  external 
  anatomy, 
  

   especially 
  of 
  the 
  thorax, 
  of 
  so 
  many 
  forms 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  made 
  before, 
  

   although 
  much 
  more 
  thorough 
  and 
  exhaustive 
  studies 
  on 
  a 
  few 
  insects 
  

   have 
  been 
  made 
  by 
  Audouin, 
  MacLeay, 
  Newport, 
  Strauss-Durckheim, 
  

   Hammond, 
  and 
  others. 
  The 
  results 
  have 
  led 
  us 
  to 
  quite 
  different 
  con- 
  

   clusions 
  respecting 
  the 
  classification 
  of 
  the 
  Neuroptera 
  and 
  Orthoptera, 
  

   as 
  originally 
  limited 
  by 
  Linnaeus, 
  from 
  those 
  which 
  we 
  have 
  heretofore 
  

   held. 
  Oar 
  work 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  researches 
  of 
  Audouin, 
  MacLeay, 
  and 
  

   Newport, 
  and 
  the 
  terms 
  here 
  used 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  explained 
  in 
  their 
  orig- 
  

   inal 
  works, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  author's 
  " 
  Guide 
  to 
  the 
  Study 
  of 
  Insects." 
  

   The 
  reader 
  is 
  also 
  referred 
  to 
  our 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  external 
  anatomy 
  of 
  

   the 
  locust 
  in 
  the 
  'Second 
  Eeport 
  of 
  this 
  Commission. 
  

  

  Any 
  one 
  who 
  has 
  examined 
  a 
  cockroach 
  and 
  a 
  white 
  ant, 
  and 
  seen 
  

   how 
  closely 
  they 
  resemble 
  each 
  other, 
  must 
  have 
  felt 
  that 
  so 
  far 
  from 
  

   representing 
  two 
  distinct 
  orders, 
  they 
  appear 
  rather 
  to 
  be 
  types 
  of 
  two 
  

   allied 
  families 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  order. 
  Again, 
  while 
  the 
  larval 
  cockroach 
  

   or 
  larval 
  Forflcula 
  closely 
  resemble 
  the 
  Thysanurous 
  Lepisma, 
  on 
  the 
  

   other 
  hand 
  a 
  larval 
  Perla 
  also 
  nearly 
  approximates 
  to 
  a 
  Lepisma. 
  The 
  

   explanation 
  of 
  these 
  facts 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  sought 
  in 
  the 
  probable 
  genealogical 
  

   history 
  of 
  the 
  Orthoptera, 
  which, 
  with 
  the 
  Pseudoneuroptera 
  and 
  Der- 
  

   matoptera, 
  are 
  evidently 
  descendants 
  from 
  an 
  ancestral 
  form 
  like 
  Le- 
  

   jMsma, 
  their 
  larvae 
  closely 
  resembling 
  this 
  Thysanuran. 
  We 
  have 
  there- 
  

   fore 
  indicated 
  in 
  this 
  chapter 
  the 
  probable 
  lines 
  of 
  descent 
  from 
  the 
  

   primitive 
  hypothetical 
  Thysanuran. 
  

  

  In 
  making 
  these 
  studies 
  we 
  have, 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  be 
  unbiased, 
  disre- 
  

   garded 
  the 
  works 
  of 
  others, 
  and 
  gone 
  over 
  the 
  field 
  anew, 
  as 
  if 
  nothing 
  

   286 
  

  

  