﻿DESCRIPTION 
  OF 
  THE 
  PSEUDONEUROPTERA. 
  291 
  

  

  These 
  characters, 
  though 
  superficial, 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  yet 
  pre- 
  

   sented, 
  perhaps 
  (disregarding 
  the 
  metamorphosis), 
  for 
  separating 
  the 
  

   Pseudoneurojitera 
  from 
  the 
  genuine 
  Neuroptera. 
  But 
  the 
  cleft 
  labium 
  

   is 
  also 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  Orthopteraj 
  and 
  among 
  the 
  Orthoptera, 
  which 
  

   usually 
  have 
  five-jointed 
  tarsi, 
  the 
  Mantidse 
  have 
  four 
  tarsal 
  joints. 
  The 
  

   Perlidse, 
  Odonata, 
  and 
  Ephemerina 
  have 
  been, 
  by 
  Gerstacker 
  (Peters 
  

   and 
  Oarus' 
  Zoologie), 
  associated 
  with 
  the 
  Orthoptera 
  under 
  the 
  name 
  

   Orthoptera 
  amphibiotica, 
  but 
  such 
  an 
  alliance 
  does 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  us 
  to 
  be 
  

   entirely 
  a 
  natural 
  or 
  convenient 
  one 
  j 
  it 
  is 
  simply 
  transferring 
  a 
  mass 
  

   of 
  heterogeneous 
  forms 
  to 
  what, 
  as 
  now 
  Jimited, 
  is 
  a 
  natural 
  and 
  well 
  

   circumscribed 
  category, 
  and 
  yet 
  we 
  confess 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  give 
  

   diagnostic 
  adult 
  characters 
  separating 
  the 
  Pseudoneuroi)tera 
  from 
  the 
  

   Orthoptera, 
  though 
  the 
  general 
  facies 
  of 
  the 
  Orthoptera 
  is 
  quite 
  unlike 
  

   that 
  of 
  the 
  the 
  Pseudoneuroptera. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Pseudoneuroptera, 
  begiuning 
  with 
  the 
  more 
  generalized 
  forms, 
  

   the 
  Perlidse 
  and 
  Termitidge, 
  the 
  labium 
  (second 
  maxilhie) 
  is 
  deeply 
  cleft, 
  

   the 
  cleft 
  not, 
  however, 
  in 
  these 
  or 
  any 
  other 
  insects, 
  extending 
  to 
  the 
  

   mentiim, 
  or 
  even 
  clear 
  through 
  the 
  palpiger. 
  Each 
  lobe 
  is 
  also 
  cleft, 
  

   so 
  that 
  the 
  ligula 
  is 
  really 
  four-lobed 
  ; 
  the 
  outer 
  lobes 
  are 
  called 
  by 
  

   Gerstacker^^^ 
  the 
  "lamina 
  externa," 
  and 
  the 
  inner 
  the 
  "lamina 
  interna.'^ 
  

   These 
  finger-shaped, 
  non-articulated, 
  fleshy 
  lobes 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  homolo- 
  

   gous 
  with, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  suggest 
  the 
  outer 
  pair 
  of, 
  paragiossse 
  of 
  the 
  Cole- 
  

   optera 
  and 
  Hymenoptera. 
  In 
  the 
  Perlidae 
  (PI. 
  XL, 
  fig. 
  6) 
  the 
  four 
  

   lobes 
  of 
  the 
  ligula 
  are 
  well 
  developed, 
  and 
  the 
  lobes 
  of 
  the 
  inner 
  pair 
  

   are 
  broader 
  than 
  the 
  outer. 
  In 
  the 
  Termitidai 
  (PI. 
  XLI, 
  figs. 
  2, 
  3) 
  the 
  

   lobes 
  are 
  well 
  developed, 
  but 
  the 
  inner 
  pair 
  of 
  lobes 
  is 
  either 
  one- 
  half 
  

   or 
  not 
  quite 
  so 
  wide 
  as 
  the 
  outer 
  paraglossse; 
  the 
  palpiger 
  is 
  cleft. 
  In 
  

   the 
  Embidai, 
  according 
  to 
  Savigny's 
  figures, 
  the 
  ligula 
  is 
  four-lobed, 
  but 
  

   the 
  inner 
  pair 
  is 
  narrow 
  and 
  rudimentary. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Odonata, 
  according 
  to 
  Gerstacker's 
  excellent 
  drawings, 
  the 
  

   ligula 
  varies 
  much. 
  In 
  Gomphus 
  it 
  is 
  entire; 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  higlier 
  

   Libellulinse 
  only 
  two-lobed; 
  but 
  in 
  ^schna 
  it 
  is 
  four-lobed, 
  the 
  outer 
  

   lobe 
  slender, 
  but 
  separate 
  from 
  the 
  palpus. 
  In 
  Galopteryx 
  the 
  ligula 
  is 
  

   widely 
  cleft, 
  the 
  two 
  inner 
  lobes 
  are 
  wide 
  apart, 
  while 
  the 
  outer 
  pair 
  

   is 
  consolidated 
  with 
  the 
  labial 
  palpi. 
  Owing 
  to 
  the 
  specialized 
  nature 
  

   of 
  the 
  labial 
  palpi, 
  the 
  mouth-parts 
  of 
  the 
  Odonata 
  are 
  sufficiently 
  siii 
  

   generis 
  and 
  distinctive 
  to 
  prevent 
  their 
  being 
  placed 
  among 
  the 
  Ortho- 
  

   ptera, 
  even 
  if 
  the 
  thorax 
  were 
  not 
  so 
  dissimilar. 
  In 
  the 
  aborted 
  labium 
  

   and 
  other 
  mouth-parts 
  of 
  the 
  Ephemerina 
  we 
  also 
  have 
  strongly-marked 
  

   characteristics 
  forbidding 
  their 
  being 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  Orthoptera; 
  were 
  it 
  

   not 
  for 
  the 
  strong 
  resemblance 
  of 
  the 
  Termitidse 
  to 
  the 
  Orthoptera 
  

   (BlattarisB,) 
  probably 
  no 
  one 
  would 
  have 
  thought 
  of 
  carrying 
  the 
  Pseudo- 
  

   neuroptera 
  ov^er 
  into 
  the 
  Orthoptera. 
  

  

  The 
  relative 
  proportion 
  of 
  the 
  head 
  and 
  sclerites 
  varies 
  greatly; 
  no 
  

  

  '39 
  Zur 
  Morphologie 
  tier 
  Orthoptera 
  amphibiotica. 
  Aiis 
  der 
  Eestscbiilt 
  zur 
  Gesellscli. 
  Natur 
  

   forscL. 
  Freunde, 
  1873. 
  

  

  