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  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  slender 
  mandibles 
  and 
  maxillae 
  and 
  the 
  sliort 
  abdomen, 
  being 
  the 
  result 
  

   of 
  their 
  carnivorous 
  habits, 
  and 
  their 
  being 
  obliged 
  to 
  climb 
  up 
  the 
  stems 
  

   of 
  plants 
  or 
  to 
  walk 
  over 
  the 
  leaves 
  after 
  smaller 
  insects. 
  Under 
  such 
  

   circumstances 
  the 
  body 
  would 
  become 
  shorter 
  and 
  more 
  concentrated, 
  and 
  

   the 
  legs 
  well 
  developed. 
  In 
  the 
  Trichoptera, 
  whose 
  larvae 
  live 
  in 
  cylin- 
  

   drical 
  cases, 
  the 
  body 
  is 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  essentially 
  Gampodea-likej 
  the 
  head 
  

   is 
  fundamentally 
  like 
  that 
  of 
  Corydalis 
  j 
  the 
  differences 
  are 
  adaptive. 
  

  

  But 
  when 
  we 
  regard 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  the 
  Panorpidse, 
  we 
  are 
  dealing 
  with 
  

   a 
  new 
  type 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  cateri^illar-like, 
  cruciform 
  j 
  its 
  body 
  is 
  slender 
  and 
  cy- 
  

   lindrical, 
  the 
  head 
  small, 
  and 
  feet 
  short 
  and 
  small. 
  Notice 
  also 
  its 
  

   habits. 
  The 
  larva 
  of 
  Panorpa 
  communis 
  of 
  Europe, 
  as 
  described 
  by 
  

   Brauer,"^ 
  is 
  remarkably 
  caterpillar-like 
  or 
  cruciform. 
  The 
  head 
  is 
  small, 
  

   well 
  rounded, 
  and 
  the 
  antennae 
  and 
  mouth-parts 
  are 
  small 
  andrudimen- 
  

   tar3^, 
  compared 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  other 
  Keuroptera, 
  not 
  excepting 
  the 
  Trich- 
  

   optera. 
  Moreover, 
  they 
  are 
  constructed 
  on 
  nearly 
  the 
  same 
  type 
  as 
  

   those 
  of 
  caterpillars; 
  for 
  exami)le, 
  the 
  mandibles 
  are 
  short, 
  toothed, 
  of 
  

   the 
  same 
  form 
  as 
  in 
  Lei>idopterous 
  larvae; 
  the 
  maxillae 
  are 
  short, 
  and 
  

   whether 
  more 
  than 
  two-lobed 
  Brauer 
  does 
  not 
  state, 
  though 
  his 
  figure 
  

   indicates 
  apparently 
  a 
  rudimentary 
  third 
  lobe; 
  the 
  palpi 
  are 
  four 
  -jointed, 
  

   while 
  the 
  labium 
  is 
  small 
  with 
  small 
  three-jointed 
  palpi. 
  

  

  The 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  is 
  thick 
  and 
  stout, 
  like 
  that 
  of 
  a 
  Bombycid 
  

   (Arctian) 
  larva. 
  The 
  short, 
  four-jointed 
  thoracic 
  feet 
  are 
  in 
  length 
  and 
  

   thickness 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  caterpillars. 
  But 
  the 
  most 
  striking 
  resemblance 
  

   to 
  caterpillars 
  and 
  saw-fly 
  larvae 
  is 
  seen 
  in 
  the 
  eight 
  pairs 
  of 
  abdomi- 
  

   nal 
  feet, 
  which 
  Brauer 
  describes 
  as 
  conical 
  or 
  pin-shaped 
  (kegelfor- 
  

   mig), 
  while 
  on 
  the 
  last 
  (ninth 
  or 
  tenth 
  ?) 
  segment 
  are 
  four 
  finger-shaped, 
  

   equal 
  processes. 
  Not 
  only 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  body, 
  but 
  also 
  the 
  arrange- 
  

   ment 
  and 
  shape 
  of 
  the 
  button-like 
  setiferous 
  warts 
  on 
  the 
  body 
  are 
  

   strikingly 
  like 
  those 
  of 
  some 
  Arctian 
  caterpillars. 
  The 
  pupa 
  has 
  free 
  

   limbs 
  and 
  wings 
  as 
  in 
  other 
  Neuroptera. 
  The 
  larva 
  of 
  Panorpa 
  bores 
  

   an 
  inch 
  deep 
  into 
  moss-covered, 
  not 
  wet 
  soil. 
  

  

  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  Bittacus 
  [B. 
  italicus 
  and 
  hagenii), 
  as 
  also 
  described 
  and 
  

   figured 
  by 
  Brauer, 
  ^*^ 
  have 
  a 
  rounded 
  head, 
  with 
  small 
  mouth-parts; 
  the 
  

   mandibles 
  are, 
  however, 
  rather 
  long, 
  comi^ared 
  with 
  those 
  of 
  Panorpa; 
  

   while 
  the 
  maxillae 
  have 
  apparently 
  two 
  inner 
  short 
  lobes, 
  and 
  a 
  four- 
  

   jointed, 
  short 
  maxillary 
  palpus; 
  the 
  labium 
  is 
  rudimentary, 
  with 
  a 
  i)air 
  

   of 
  short, 
  minute, 
  two-jointed 
  palpi. 
  The 
  body 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  thick 
  as 
  in 
  Pa- 
  

   norpa; 
  it 
  is 
  cylindrical 
  and 
  adorned 
  with 
  lon^, 
  scattered, 
  dorsal 
  spines, 
  

   which 
  bear 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  branches 
  near 
  the 
  base, 
  while 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  lateral 
  

   row 
  of 
  slender 
  filaments, 
  and 
  a 
  row 
  of 
  ventral 
  verticillate 
  hairs. 
  It 
  thus 
  

   bears 
  a 
  resemblance 
  to 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  some 
  butterflies, 
  as 
  Vanessa 
  antlopa, 
  

   and 
  esi)ecially 
  the 
  young 
  Polyommatus 
  [Reodes 
  hypophleas) 
  or 
  the 
  Bom- 
  

   bycid 
  larvae 
  of 
  Anisota 
  stigma 
  or 
  Platysamia, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  Selandria 
  

  

  147 
  Silznnpsberichte 
  math. 
  -naturw. 
  Classe 
  k. 
  Akad. 
  Wiss., 
  Wien, 
  1851. 
  Tafell. 
  

   '"8 
  Verb 
  audi 
  un 
  gen 
  k. 
  k. 
  zool.-bot. 
  Gesellscbaft 
  in 
  Wien, 
  1871. 
  

  

  