﻿[30] 
  REPOET 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  Hungary 
  (Kollar 
  !) 
  and 
  Kiirhessen 
  is 
  far 
  greater 
  than 
  we 
  shonld 
  expect 
  

   from 
  the 
  geographical 
  latitude 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  countries. 
  The 
  non-consid- 
  

   eration 
  of 
  this 
  very 
  important 
  condition 
  necessarily 
  led 
  the 
  American 
  

   author 
  to 
  wrong 
  inferences. 
  

  

  We 
  will 
  also 
  briefly 
  speak 
  of 
  the 
  hitherto 
  overlooked 
  occurrence 
  of 
  

   barley 
  aftergrowth. 
  This 
  aftergrowth 
  sometimes 
  attains, 
  late 
  in 
  fall, 
  

   such 
  a 
  luxuriant 
  growth 
  and 
  such 
  a 
  rapid 
  development 
  that 
  we 
  could 
  

   fairly 
  believe 
  the 
  fine, 
  overgrown 
  field 
  of 
  ears 
  would 
  yet 
  mature 
  if 
  the 
  cold 
  

   were 
  only 
  delayed 
  for 
  a 
  few 
  weeks. 
  The 
  dangerous 
  frost, 
  however, 
  sud- 
  

   denly 
  takes 
  away 
  this 
  hope 
  ; 
  a 
  few 
  cold 
  nights, 
  and 
  the 
  lately 
  so 
  vividly 
  

   greening 
  barley 
  is 
  killed, 
  lying 
  flat 
  on 
  the 
  soil. 
  Under 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  

   the 
  spring 
  sun 
  it 
  becomes 
  brittle 
  early 
  in 
  March, 
  so 
  that 
  it, 
  in 
  pulling 
  

   out, 
  crumbles, 
  and 
  much 
  care 
  is 
  needed 
  to 
  obtain 
  a 
  few 
  entire 
  stalks. 
  

   It 
  would 
  not 
  have 
  been 
  possible 
  to 
  use 
  this 
  straw 
  for 
  the 
  above 
  purpose. 
  

  

  All 
  reasonable 
  arguments 
  therefore 
  hold 
  that 
  the 
  packing-straw 
  used 
  

   by 
  the 
  Hessian 
  troops 
  was 
  grown 
  the 
  year 
  previous. 
  Would 
  it 
  be 
  pos- 
  

   sible 
  that 
  the 
  alleged 
  introduction 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  was 
  thus 
  eflected! 
  We 
  

   are 
  enabled 
  to 
  answer 
  this 
  question 
  by 
  the 
  experiences 
  obtained 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  

   metamorphosis 
  of 
  the 
  insect. 
  The 
  swarming 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  summer 
  genera- 
  

   tion 
  resting 
  above 
  the 
  lowest 
  stalk-knots 
  lasts 
  in 
  Hessen 
  from 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  

   August* 
  till 
  thebeginning 
  of 
  October, 
  therefore 
  not 
  appearing 
  until 
  the 
  

   wheat 
  harvest 
  is 
  almost 
  over. 
  After 
  cutting, 
  the 
  brood 
  for 
  the 
  greater 
  

   part 
  remains 
  in 
  the 
  stubbles; 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  pup?e 
  taken 
  along 
  with 
  them 
  

   is 
  much 
  less. 
  In 
  threshing, 
  usually 
  taking 
  pliHX^, 
  soon 
  after 
  harvesting, 
  

   many 
  pui)8B 
  may 
  drop 
  off, 
  but 
  certainly 
  as 
  many 
  remain 
  on 
  the 
  straw, 
  a 
  

   good 
  number 
  of 
  which 
  may 
  develop. 
  Wehavenow 
  to 
  consider 
  theremark- 
  

   able 
  circumstance 
  of 
  many 
  maggots 
  hibernating 
  in 
  the 
  stubbles. 
  This 
  

   phenomenon 
  I 
  have 
  demonstrated 
  in 
  sections 
  3 
  and 
  4 
  by 
  the 
  appearance 
  

   of 
  frost, 
  since 
  such 
  a 
  low 
  temperature 
  checks 
  the 
  life-power 
  of 
  the 
  mag- 
  

   gots, 
  killing 
  that 
  of 
  thepup^e; 
  but 
  that 
  also 
  for 
  those 
  remaining 
  on 
  

   straw, 
  in 
  closed 
  spaces, 
  or 
  at 
  least 
  roofed 
  maggots, 
  a 
  transition 
  to 
  hiber- 
  

   nation 
  hai)pens 
  1 
  doubt; 
  the 
  external 
  force 
  would, 
  however, 
  appear 
  

   for 
  them 
  much 
  later, 
  probably 
  always 
  so 
  late 
  that 
  all 
  favored 
  ones 
  still 
  

   mature 
  before 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  A^inter. 
  Presuming 
  that 
  some 
  mag- 
  

   gots 
  nevertheless 
  hibernate 
  in 
  a 
  barn, 
  and 
  behave 
  during 
  the 
  winter 
  

   like 
  those 
  on 
  the 
  stubbles, 
  what 
  else 
  could 
  be 
  expected 
  but 
  that 
  the 
  

   imago 
  would 
  come 
  forth 
  as 
  in 
  those 
  in 
  April 
  or 
  May 
  ? 
  Applied 
  to 
  the 
  

   l^acking-straw 
  of 
  those 
  Hessian 
  troops, 
  we 
  ought 
  to 
  allow 
  that 
  under 
  

   the 
  made 
  provisions 
  the 
  military 
  corps 
  which 
  left 
  in 
  March 
  or 
  April 
  could 
  

   have 
  used 
  such 
  infected 
  straw; 
  but 
  the 
  flies 
  however 
  would 
  have 
  

   emerged 
  already 
  before 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  spring 
  swarming 
  time, 
  therefore 
  

   mouths 
  before 
  the 
  landing 
  in 
  America, 
  and 
  would 
  have 
  perished, 
  partly 
  

   on 
  account 
  of 
  their 
  short 
  life, 
  partly 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  disfavor 
  of 
  their 
  

   place 
  of 
  birth. 
  I 
  will 
  not 
  tire 
  the 
  reader 
  by 
  still 
  further 
  arguing 
  this 
  

   matter, 
  else 
  it 
  would 
  necessitate 
  postulations 
  w^ich 
  would, 
  even 
  to 
  Dr. 
  

   Fiteh, 
  appear 
  too 
  venturous. 
  He 
  may 
  have 
  thought 
  that 
  his 
  theory 
  is 
  

   not 
  applicable 
  to 
  the 
  winter 
  generation, 
  trying 
  it 
  therefore 
  with 
  the 
  

   summer 
  generation; 
  but 
  it 
  can 
  scarcely 
  be 
  understood 
  how 
  he 
  was 
  led 
  

   to 
  such 
  an 
  attempt. 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  preceding, 
  through 
  the 
  developmental 
  his- 
  

   tory 
  of 
  the 
  insect, 
  all 
  given 
  cases 
  which 
  could 
  serve 
  as 
  proper 
  judg- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  view 
  taken 
  by 
  Eitch 
  on 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly. 
  

   His 
  view 
  finds 
  support 
  in 
  none 
  of 
  the 
  mentioned 
  points, 
  being 
  even 
  

  

  * 
  On 
  accouut 
  of 
  the 
  extremely 
  wet 
  and 
  cool 
  weather 
  for 
  six 
  weeks 
  in 
  July 
  and 
  August 
  last 
  year 
  tLe 
  

   Bwarming 
  time 
  in 
  other 
  years 
  will 
  probably 
  begin 
  a 
  week 
  earlier. 
  

  

  