﻿WAGNER 
  ON 
  THE 
  HESSIAN 
  FLY. 
  [35] 
  

  

  greatly 
  facilitates 
  its 
  attack. 
  This 
  fighting 
  the 
  fly 
  may 
  be 
  done 
  by 
  

   grazing, 
  pulling 
  out, 
  mowing 
  off, 
  and 
  replowing. 
  The 
  latter 
  may 
  be 
  

   preferred. 
  To 
  complete 
  the 
  victory 
  our 
  farmers 
  ought 
  not 
  to 
  sow 
  any 
  

   clover 
  in 
  summer 
  barley 
  or 
  ought 
  to 
  clean 
  such 
  clover 
  fields 
  from 
  barley 
  

   aftergrowth 
  between 
  October 
  10 
  and 
  April 
  15. 
  

  

  2. 
  Picking 
  of 
  the 
  sprouts 
  Jcilled 
  by 
  the 
  maggots. 
  

  

  Dr. 
  Loew 
  expressly 
  recommends 
  this 
  remedy, 
  as 
  he 
  himself 
  witnessed 
  

   its 
  favorable 
  results 
  upon 
  Chlorops 
  attacking 
  winter 
  wheat. 
  I 
  can 
  

   also 
  add 
  my 
  experience. 
  If 
  we 
  collect 
  in 
  the 
  fore 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  winter 
  the 
  

   discolored, 
  diseased 
  sprouts, 
  we 
  find 
  on 
  examination 
  that 
  not 
  the 
  gall- 
  

   gnat 
  maggot 
  alone 
  was 
  the 
  enemy, 
  but 
  often 
  more 
  frequently 
  larvae 
  of 
  

   Chlorops 
  and 
  other 
  insects. 
  By 
  picking 
  them 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  diseased 
  sprouts 
  

   we 
  get 
  rid 
  of 
  a 
  good 
  number 
  of 
  other 
  enemies 
  of 
  our 
  crops. 
  Viewed 
  

   theoretically 
  this 
  remedy 
  certainly 
  promises 
  good 
  results 
  ; 
  whether 
  it 
  is 
  

   practical 
  will 
  have 
  to 
  be 
  considered. 
  To 
  attain 
  our 
  purpose 
  the 
  picking 
  

   should 
  not 
  be 
  done 
  until 
  when 
  the 
  infected 
  sprouts 
  can 
  be 
  recognized, 
  

   therefore 
  not 
  before 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  October 
  ; 
  but 
  it 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  done 
  

   when 
  frost 
  has 
  already 
  set 
  in, 
  as 
  the 
  infected 
  ones 
  cannot 
  then 
  be 
  dis- 
  

   tinguished 
  from 
  the 
  frozen 
  ones. 
  The 
  work 
  falls 
  into 
  a 
  time 
  which 
  little 
  

   favors 
  such 
  an 
  out-of-door 
  manipulation 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  disagreeable 
  

   weather. 
  The 
  application 
  of 
  this 
  remedy 
  is 
  especially 
  restricted, 
  so 
  that 
  

   one 
  can 
  hardly 
  proceed 
  on 
  the 
  wet 
  sod 
  or 
  on 
  frozen 
  soil. 
  However, 
  I 
  

   am 
  convinced 
  that 
  a 
  strict 
  surveillance 
  would 
  pay 
  the 
  expenses 
  incurred. 
  

  

  3. 
  The 
  grazing 
  of 
  winter 
  crops 
  by 
  sheep. 
  

  

  To 
  realize 
  the 
  value 
  of 
  this 
  remedy 
  we 
  will 
  first 
  recall 
  the 
  condition 
  of 
  the 
  

   young 
  cereal 
  sprout, 
  and 
  for 
  this 
  purpose 
  look 
  at 
  a 
  sprout 
  with 
  but 
  two 
  

   leaves. 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  rises 
  vertically 
  ; 
  the 
  other, 
  formed 
  earlier, 
  pro- 
  

   jects 
  off 
  at 
  an 
  acute 
  angle 
  — 
  that 
  is, 
  somewhat 
  rolled 
  up 
  below 
  — 
  showing 
  

   here 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  of 
  a 
  third 
  leaf 
  arising 
  from 
  the 
  lip 
  of 
  the 
  previously 
  

   formed 
  stalk. 
  On 
  the 
  non-bristled 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  cotyledon, 
  which 
  is 
  di- 
  

   rected 
  downward, 
  arises 
  the 
  primitive 
  leaf, 
  which 
  is 
  about 
  one-half 
  inch 
  

   long, 
  as 
  a 
  spatule 
  closing 
  in 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  first-named 
  leaves. 
  In 
  

   unfolding 
  this 
  spatule 
  we 
  recognize 
  usually 
  one 
  or 
  several 
  buds 
  side 
  by 
  

   side, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  fertility 
  of 
  the 
  soil." 
  Out 
  of 
  them 
  the 
  secondary 
  

   stalks 
  develop. 
  The 
  protection 
  of 
  the 
  primitive 
  stalk 
  and 
  the 
  stalk-bud 
  

   must 
  especially 
  be 
  considered, 
  as 
  their 
  destruction 
  renders 
  the 
  growth 
  

   of 
  the 
  stalk 
  impossible. 
  As 
  long 
  as 
  the 
  stalk-buds 
  are 
  still 
  covered 
  by 
  

   the 
  soil 
  frost 
  can 
  do 
  little 
  harm, 
  taking 
  the 
  precaution 
  to 
  previously 
  

   feed 
  the 
  sheep, 
  and 
  while 
  grazing 
  to 
  continually 
  drive 
  them 
  about. 
  

  

  The 
  flies 
  hibernating 
  as 
  maggots 
  in 
  stubble 
  deposit 
  their 
  eggs, 
  as 
  ob- 
  

   served 
  by 
  me, 
  in 
  April 
  and 
  May 
  ; 
  also 
  on 
  spring 
  crops 
  when 
  near 
  by. 
  

   However, 
  such 
  attacked 
  crops 
  should 
  not 
  be 
  grazed, 
  because 
  the 
  sheep 
  

   would 
  pull 
  out 
  many 
  sprouts. 
  

  

  The 
  value 
  of 
  grazing 
  of 
  winter 
  crops 
  in 
  spring 
  can 
  be 
  demonstrated 
  on 
  

   a 
  wheat 
  sprout 
  which 
  we 
  may 
  examine 
  in 
  beginning 
  of 
  May. 
  The 
  stalk- 
  

   buds 
  have 
  in 
  the 
  previous 
  fall 
  pierced 
  the 
  soil, 
  and 
  have 
  formed 
  stalks. 
  

   In 
  dissecting 
  one 
  we 
  find 
  the 
  inner 
  leaves 
  rolled 
  up, 
  within 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  

   pale 
  elongate 
  body, 
  the 
  point 
  of 
  the 
  heart. 
  By 
  continual 
  cell 
  formation 
  

   in 
  the 
  heart 
  the 
  prolongation 
  of 
  the 
  stalk 
  is 
  effected 
  ; 
  more 
  and 
  more 
  

   leaves 
  grow 
  out 
  of 
  this 
  heart, 
  and 
  finally 
  the 
  ear. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  well-known 
  

   fact 
  that 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  the 
  plant 
  is 
  conditioned 
  by 
  the 
  exchange 
  of 
  air 
  

   through 
  the 
  leaves, 
  and 
  a 
  partial 
  removal 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  will 
  interfere 
  with 
  

  

  