﻿[38] 
  REPORT 
  UNITED 
  STATES 
  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
  COMMISSION. 
  

  

  strnctive 
  effect 
  which 
  the 
  maggot 
  has 
  on 
  the 
  young 
  plant. 
  Each 
  plant 
  

   that 
  has 
  to 
  nourish 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  maggots 
  above 
  the 
  root-stock, 
  as 
  a 
  rule, 
  

   perishes. 
  But 
  if 
  on 
  rich 
  soil, 
  the 
  stalk-buds 
  will 
  rapidly 
  sprout 
  stalks, 
  

   and 
  these 
  will, 
  because 
  swarming 
  has 
  then 
  usually 
  passed, 
  cease 
  to 
  be 
  

   attacked 
  by 
  the 
  same 
  generation. 
  But 
  on 
  sterile 
  soil, 
  where 
  the 
  root- 
  

   stocks 
  are 
  lacking 
  buds, 
  cereals 
  will 
  produce 
  no 
  more 
  stalks. 
  All 
  the 
  

   more 
  so 
  with 
  the 
  summer 
  generation. 
  Plants 
  grown 
  into 
  stout 
  stalks 
  on 
  

   rich 
  soil 
  render 
  such 
  a 
  considerable 
  resistance 
  against 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  

   the 
  maggots 
  that 
  most 
  of 
  them 
  will 
  mature 
  their 
  ears. 
  The 
  sparsely 
  

   nourished 
  stalks 
  of 
  a 
  field 
  are 
  easily 
  bent, 
  especially 
  in 
  rain 
  and 
  wind, 
  

   whereby 
  also 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  plants 
  spared 
  in 
  fall 
  submit 
  to 
  the 
  

   enemy, 
  so 
  that 
  harvesting 
  is 
  very 
  much 
  reduced. 
  

  

  8. 
  Kinds 
  of 
  wheat 
  yielding 
  a 
  siliceous 
  straw. 
  

  

  We 
  have 
  cultivated 
  in 
  this 
  district 
  for 
  several 
  years 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  wheat 
  

   under 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  "black 
  wheat," 
  which 
  is 
  of 
  robust 
  look, 
  with 
  a 
  some- 
  

   what 
  rough 
  stalk. 
  Though 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  spared 
  by 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  wheat- 
  

   worm, 
  it 
  nevertheless 
  exhibits, 
  as 
  I 
  believe 
  I 
  have 
  observed, 
  more 
  resist- 
  

   ance 
  than 
  our 
  other 
  varieties 
  of 
  wheat. 
  The 
  considerable 
  hardness 
  and 
  

   stability 
  of 
  its 
  straw 
  I 
  ascribe 
  to 
  a 
  greater 
  amount 
  of 
  silicic 
  acid 
  (quartz) 
  

   ill 
  the 
  epidermis. 
  Experiment 
  ought 
  to 
  be 
  made 
  in 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  power 
  

   of 
  resistance 
  in 
  various 
  varieties 
  of 
  cultivated 
  wheat. 
  

  

  9. 
  Late 
  sowing. 
  

  

  If 
  we 
  compare 
  the 
  circumstance 
  that 
  the 
  swarming 
  of 
  the 
  summer 
  

   generation 
  ends 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  third 
  of 
  October, 
  with 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  

   maggots 
  occur 
  only 
  on 
  sprouts 
  of 
  early 
  sowed 
  fields, 
  we 
  at 
  once 
  infer 
  

   that 
  we 
  can 
  restrict 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  flies 
  by 
  late 
  sowing. 
  We 
  may 
  

   expect 
  with 
  certainty, 
  if 
  a 
  field 
  is 
  not 
  sowed 
  before 
  St. 
  Michael's 
  Day, 
  

   the 
  sparing 
  by 
  the 
  insect 
  of 
  the 
  crop 
  in 
  fall. 
  How 
  far 
  this 
  practical 
  

   regulation 
  bears 
  on 
  farming 
  interests 
  the 
  peculiarity 
  of 
  climate 
  and 
  

   culture 
  of 
  various 
  districts 
  have 
  to 
  decide. 
  Those 
  districts 
  will 
  be 
  less 
  

   inclined 
  to 
  early 
  sowing 
  where 
  this 
  must 
  be 
  done, 
  because 
  the 
  less 
  deeply 
  

   rooting 
  sprouts 
  become 
  regularly 
  drawn 
  up 
  by 
  frost, 
  thus 
  perishing 
  by 
  

   the 
  cold 
  of 
  the 
  'Winter. 
  The 
  remedy 
  can 
  conveniently 
  be 
  applied 
  to 
  sum- 
  

   mer 
  barley 
  5 
  at 
  least 
  we 
  can 
  fully 
  protect 
  the 
  common 
  barley 
  (Hordeum 
  

   vnlgare) 
  against 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  ; 
  since 
  its 
  period 
  of 
  growth 
  

   lasts 
  but 
  nine 
  or 
  ten 
  weeks, 
  the 
  sowing 
  even 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  June 
  is 
  

   still 
  early 
  enough. 
  We 
  will 
  fully 
  reach 
  the 
  purpose 
  in 
  districts 
  threatened 
  

   by 
  the 
  invasion 
  of 
  the 
  fly, 
  or 
  where 
  the 
  catastroj)he 
  has 
  already 
  ap- 
  

   peared, 
  if 
  sowing 
  is 
  done 
  within 
  the 
  next 
  three 
  weeks 
  after 
  the 
  spring 
  

   swarming. 
  The 
  first 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  above-mentioned 
  remedies 
  are 
  calcu- 
  

   lated 
  for 
  the 
  winter, 
  the 
  two 
  subsequent 
  ones 
  for 
  the 
  summer 
  genera- 
  

   tion. 
  The 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  is 
  considerably 
  reduced 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  

   the 
  spring 
  swarming 
  comi)rises 
  a 
  space 
  of 
  five 
  weeks. 
  So 
  if 
  pastur- 
  

   ing 
  or 
  cropping 
  is 
  done 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  week 
  of 
  swarming 
  comparatively 
  

   few 
  eggs 
  are 
  deposited, 
  but 
  if 
  done 
  later 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  maggots 
  have 
  

   already 
  left 
  the 
  egg 
  membranes, 
  placing 
  themselves 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  

   leaf-sheath 
  ; 
  the 
  purpose 
  is 
  only 
  partly 
  reached 
  by 
  both 
  remedies. 
  

   Eemedy 
  No. 
  5 
  will 
  scarcely 
  ever 
  be 
  introduced, 
  but 
  is 
  recommended 
  to 
  

   owners 
  of 
  larger 
  farms 
  ; 
  little 
  has 
  been 
  decided 
  as 
  to 
  Ko. 
  6, 
  still 
  less 
  as 
  

   to 
  No. 
  8 
  J 
  Nos. 
  1, 
  7, 
  and 
  9 
  are 
  regarded 
  as 
  the 
  most 
  recommendable 
  rem- 
  

   edies. 
  

  

  