﻿AFPEIVDIX 
  IV. 
  

  

  KOEPPEN'S 
  ACCOUNT 
  OF 
  THE 
  HESSIAE 
  FLY. 
  

  

  [Extract 
  from 
  Die 
  schaedliclieii 
  Insekten 
  Eusslands, 
  von 
  F. 
  T. 
  Koppen. 
  St. 
  Petersburg, 
  1880.*} 
  

  

  Y.—DIPTERA. 
  

  

  a. 
  DiPTERA 
  HAVINa 
  A 
  SO-CALLED 
  PUPA 
  OBTECTA. 
  

  

  Oecidomyia 
  destructor 
  Say. 
  

  

  Until 
  but 
  lately 
  we 
  had 
  no 
  authentic 
  knowledge 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  presence 
  

   and 
  injurious 
  habits 
  of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly 
  within 
  the 
  limits 
  of 
  Russia, 
  even 
  

   if 
  several 
  reports 
  have 
  reference 
  to 
  this 
  or 
  allied 
  species. 
  J^ot 
  until 
  the 
  

   summer 
  of 
  1879 
  were 
  its 
  ravages 
  in 
  the 
  departments 
  of 
  Poltawa 
  and 
  

   Tola 
  verified 
  by 
  Professor 
  Lindemann 
  in 
  a 
  paper 
  in 
  the 
  Russian 
  lan- 
  

   guage. 
  From 
  this 
  we 
  infer 
  that 
  Cecidomyia 
  destructor 
  is 
  distributed 
  

   over 
  a 
  great 
  part 
  of 
  central 
  and 
  southern 
  Russia. 
  

  

  In 
  certain 
  districts 
  of 
  the 
  department 
  of 
  Poltawa 
  Lindemann 
  found 
  

   the 
  stalks 
  of 
  the 
  wheat 
  bent 
  and 
  lying 
  down 
  ; 
  at 
  the 
  bending 
  occurred, 
  

   protected 
  by 
  a 
  dried-up 
  leaf, 
  from 
  three 
  to 
  five 
  cocoons 
  of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  

   fly. 
  The 
  greatest 
  damage 
  was 
  done 
  on 
  summer 
  wheat. 
  Beside 
  wheat 
  

   Lindemann 
  mentions 
  also 
  rye 
  as 
  its 
  food-plant, 
  but 
  principally 
  mentions 
  

   wheat. 
  The 
  amount 
  of 
  damage 
  done 
  could 
  not 
  be 
  exactly 
  stated 
  ; 
  it 
  

   was 
  considerable, 
  however. 
  Lindemann 
  himself 
  cultivated 
  an 
  area 
  of 
  

   55 
  dessiatines 
  with 
  winter 
  wheat, 
  examined 
  it, 
  and 
  found 
  that 
  two-thirds 
  

   of 
  the 
  harvest 
  was 
  destroyed 
  by 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly. 
  As 
  elsewhere, 
  Ce- 
  

   cidomyia 
  destructor 
  produces 
  also 
  two 
  generations 
  in 
  one 
  year. 
  The 
  

   perfect 
  insects 
  appear 
  in 
  the 
  first 
  generation 
  in 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  April 
  

   from 
  hibernated 
  pupae. 
  The 
  fertilized 
  females, 
  according 
  to 
  Lindemann, 
  

   deposit 
  up 
  to 
  200 
  eggs. 
  This 
  number 
  is 
  certainly 
  too 
  high, 
  and 
  does 
  not 
  

   agree 
  with 
  reports 
  from 
  elsewhere, 
  according 
  to 
  which 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  eggs 
  

   deposited 
  is 
  at 
  the 
  most 
  80. 
  According 
  to 
  Professor 
  Haberlandtt 
  a 
  female 
  

   deposits 
  only 
  40 
  to 
  50 
  eggs. 
  The 
  larvae 
  coming 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  live 
  

   on 
  the 
  lower 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  stalk', 
  covered 
  by 
  the 
  lowest 
  leaf-sheath^ 
  they 
  

   pupate 
  toward 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  May 
  or 
  beginning 
  of 
  June, 
  the 
  imago 
  issuing 
  

   in 
  the 
  second 
  half 
  of 
  August. 
  The 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  second 
  generation 
  pu- 
  

   pate 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  September 
  and 
  hibernate 
  as 
  such. 
  Lindemann 
  suc- 
  

   ceeded 
  in 
  obtaining 
  from 
  the 
  pupae 
  of 
  Cecidomyia 
  destructor 
  from 
  the 
  

   districts 
  of 
  Poltawa 
  and 
  Tola 
  the 
  parasite 
  Ceraphron 
  destructor, 
  Say.f 
  

   I 
  leave 
  it 
  to 
  Lindemann 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  correct 
  determination 
  of 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  

   the 
  parasite. 
  As 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  know 
  Ceraphron 
  attacks 
  the 
  larvae 
  of 
  the 
  Hes- 
  

   sian 
  fly, 
  while 
  a 
  Flatygaster 
  lives 
  in 
  its 
  pupa. 
  

  

  Remark. 
  — 
  The 
  reports 
  in 
  Russia 
  concerning 
  the 
  gall- 
  gnats 
  allied 
  to 
  

   Cecidomyia 
  destructor 
  are 
  for 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  so 
  inaccurate 
  that 
  the 
  name 
  

   of 
  the 
  respective 
  species 
  can 
  be 
  determined 
  only 
  at 
  the 
  outset. 
  How 
  

  

  ♦Translated 
  by 
  Dr. 
  C. 
  F. 
  Gissler. 
  

  

  tHisjpaper 
  on 
  Cecidomyia 
  destructor 
  in 
  Veihandlnngender 
  zool.-"bot. 
  Ges. 
  in 
  Wien, 
  1864, 
  pp. 
  401-406o 
  

  

  t 
  Figured 
  in 
  A. 
  S. 
  Packard's 
  Guide 
  to 
  the 
  Study 
  of 
  Insects, 
  p. 
  375. 
  

  

  [41] 
  

  

  