﻿HAGEN 
  ON 
  THE 
  SOURCE 
  OP 
  THE 
  HESSIAN 
  FLY. 
  [47] 
  

  

  reprints 
  again 
  the 
  strange 
  mistake 
  made 
  by 
  Dr. 
  A. 
  Fitch, 
  as 
  the 
  only 
  

   proof 
  for 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  in 
  a 
  district 
  not 
  far 
  distant 
  from 
  

   Oassel. 
  

  

  The 
  careful 
  study 
  of 
  Prof. 
  Kollar's 
  report 
  makes 
  it 
  very 
  doubtful 
  if 
  

   his 
  insect 
  is 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly. 
  He 
  describes 
  the 
  larva 
  as 
  pale 
  green 
  with 
  

   a 
  small 
  black 
  dot 
  above, 
  which 
  does 
  not 
  at 
  all 
  agree 
  with 
  the 
  Hessian 
  

   fly, 
  but 
  very 
  well 
  with 
  the 
  larva 
  of 
  a 
  Chlorops. 
  He 
  states 
  having 
  

   reared 
  but 
  one 
  fly, 
  but 
  he 
  describes 
  both 
  sexes. 
  His 
  description 
  is 
  simply 
  

   a 
  translation 
  of 
  those 
  of 
  Th. 
  Say, 
  and 
  not 
  a 
  correct 
  one, 
  as 
  he 
  translates 
  

   several 
  times 
  fulvous 
  for 
  golden. 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  never 
  seen 
  the 
  dissertation 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  calamity 
  by 
  Dr. 
  Ham- 
  

   merschmidt, 
  Vienna. 
  It 
  is 
  printed 
  in 
  a 
  small 
  number 
  for 
  private 
  cir- 
  

   culation. 
  Prof. 
  J. 
  0. 
  Westwood 
  having 
  received 
  specimens 
  of 
  the 
  pupa 
  

   jn 
  the 
  sraw, 
  doubts 
  if 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly. 
  Perhaps 
  the 
  strictures 
  on 
  

   his 
  report 
  by 
  Dr. 
  A. 
  Fitch 
  (p. 
  8) 
  are 
  correct, 
  as 
  they 
  have 
  never 
  been 
  

   refuted 
  by 
  Prof. 
  Westwood. 
  But 
  it 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  remarked 
  that 
  G. 
  de- 
  

   structor 
  is 
  not 
  the 
  only 
  species 
  of 
  the 
  genus 
  having 
  a 
  coarctate 
  pupa. 
  

   Dr. 
  Fitch 
  (p. 
  40) 
  has 
  detected 
  one 
  on 
  Agrostis 
  lateriflora, 
  and 
  Mr. 
  Win- 
  

   nertz 
  states 
  the 
  same 
  for 
  G. 
  graminicola 
  from 
  Europe. 
  

  

  All 
  European 
  works 
  on 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly 
  published 
  after 
  1857 
  agree 
  

   that 
  it 
  was 
  then 
  an 
  entirely 
  new 
  pest, 
  never 
  seen 
  before 
  and 
  unknown 
  

   to 
  all 
  prominent 
  dipterologists 
  — 
  Wiedemann, 
  Meigen, 
  Zetterstedt, 
  Loew, 
  

   Bremi, 
  all 
  monographers 
  of 
  this 
  genus, 
  and 
  Schiner. 
  The 
  species 
  was 
  

   represented 
  in 
  no 
  collection, 
  and 
  apparently 
  not 
  in 
  the 
  Vienna 
  Museum, 
  

   as 
  Mr. 
  Schiner, 
  1864, 
  quotes 
  as 
  localities 
  for 
  Europe 
  only 
  those 
  given 
  

   by 
  Mr. 
  Dana. 
  Nevertheless 
  I 
  am 
  obliged 
  to 
  state 
  that 
  thirty 
  years 
  

   later, 
  after 
  Mr. 
  Haberlandt, 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly, 
  0. 
  secalina, 
  has 
  been 
  ob- 
  

   served 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  parts 
  of 
  Hungary. 
  

  

  The 
  only 
  sure 
  statement 
  of 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly 
  in 
  Europe 
  

   is 
  its 
  discovery 
  by 
  Mr. 
  J. 
  Dana 
  in 
  1834, 
  at 
  Mahon, 
  Toulon, 
  and 
  I^aples. 
  

   The 
  identity 
  of 
  this 
  insect 
  with 
  the 
  American 
  species 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  accepted 
  

   on 
  Th. 
  W. 
  Harrises 
  authority. 
  There 
  was 
  never 
  a 
  better 
  authority, 
  and 
  

   scarcely 
  one 
  who 
  has 
  better 
  known 
  the 
  insect. 
  He 
  has 
  given 
  his 
  con- 
  

   viction 
  of 
  their 
  identity 
  in 
  the 
  most 
  unequivocal 
  terms. 
  The 
  statement 
  

   that 
  the 
  insect 
  had 
  been 
  in 
  Minorca 
  from 
  time 
  immemorial, 
  and 
  often 
  

   done 
  great 
  damage 
  both 
  there 
  and 
  in 
  Spain, 
  is 
  very 
  interesting, 
  but 
  not 
  

   to 
  be 
  accepted 
  as 
  certain 
  before 
  having 
  been 
  corroborated 
  by 
  reliable 
  

   reports. 
  I 
  am 
  not 
  able 
  to 
  compare 
  the 
  old 
  Spanish 
  literature, 
  but 
  I 
  

   think 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  done. 
  

  

  The 
  existence 
  of 
  the 
  fly 
  in 
  Asia 
  Minor, 
  near 
  the 
  shore, 
  is 
  probable 
  

   from 
  the 
  discovery 
  made 
  by 
  Professor 
  Loew 
  of 
  the 
  larva 
  and 
  pupa 
  on 
  

   the 
  straw 
  in 
  1842, 
  and 
  later 
  recognized 
  by 
  him 
  as 
  identical 
  with 
  his 
  G, 
  

   secalina. 
  

  

  Mr. 
  V. 
  von 
  Motschulsky 
  describes 
  in 
  1852 
  a 
  fly 
  very 
  obnoxious 
  to 
  the 
  

   wheat 
  in 
  the 
  governments 
  of 
  Saraton 
  and 
  Simbirek, 
  in 
  Eusland, 
  as 
  G. 
  

   funesta, 
  together 
  with 
  its 
  parasites. 
  I 
  may 
  add 
  that 
  von 
  Motschulsky, 
  

   after 
  his 
  return 
  from 
  America, 
  and 
  having 
  received 
  typical 
  specimens 
  

   of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly 
  and 
  its 
  parasites 
  from 
  Dr. 
  A. 
  Fitch, 
  has 
  assured 
  me 
  

   that 
  G. 
  funesta 
  and 
  G. 
  destructor 
  are 
  the 
  same 
  species. 
  This 
  is 
  also 
  ac- 
  

   cepted 
  in 
  von 
  Osten-Sacken's 
  catalogue. 
  Mr. 
  Koeppen, 
  in 
  his 
  excellent 
  

   work 
  just 
  published 
  ^'On 
  Injurious 
  Insects 
  in 
  Eusland," 
  states 
  that 
  

   since 
  that 
  time 
  nothing 
  has 
  been 
  known 
  about 
  the 
  fly 
  in 
  those 
  parts 
  of 
  

   Rusland. 
  '' 
  Before 
  1879," 
  says 
  Koeppen, 
  "we 
  had 
  no 
  reliable 
  report 
  

   about 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  the 
  Hessian 
  fly 
  in 
  Eusland, 
  which 
  was 
  discov- 
  

   ered 
  in 
  Poltowa 
  and 
  Sula 
  by 
  Mr. 
  Lindemann 
  in 
  the 
  summer 
  of 
  1879, 
  

   together 
  with 
  its 
  parasites." 
  

  

  In 
  1857 
  and 
  18j8 
  the 
  rye 
  was 
  extensively 
  damaged 
  in 
  Silesia, 
  

  

  