272 FE. Galton—Address before the British Association. 
marked. It was also very evident that the three groups of 
criminals contributed in very different proportions to the dif- 
ferent physiognomic classes. 
This is not the place to go further into details: indeed m 
inquiry is far from complete. I merely quote my experiences 
in order to show the way in which questions of character, phys- 
iognomy, and temperament admit of being scientifically ap- 
proached, and to give an instance of the helpfulness of photog- 
raphy. If I had had the profiles and the shape of the head as 
seen from above, my results would have been much more in- 
structive. Thus, to take a single instance, I have seen many 
pencil studies in outline of selected criminal faces drawn by Dr. 
Clarke, the accomplished and zealous medical officer of Penton- 
ville Prison; and in these sketches a certain very characteristic 
= seemed to me conspicuously prevalent. J should have 
een very glad of photographs to corroborate this. So, again, 
if I had had photographic views of the head taken from above, 
I could have tested, among other matters, the truth of Profes- 
sor Benedict’s assertion about the abnormally small size of the 
back of the head in criminals. ; 
I have thus far spoken of the characters and physiognomy of 
well-marked varieties of men: the anthropologist has next to 
consider the life history of those varieties, and especially their 
tendency to perpetuate themselves, whether to displace other 
varieties and to spread, or else to die out. In illustration of 
this, I will proceed with what appears to be the history of the 
eriminal class. Its perpetuation by heredity is a question that 
deserves more careful investigation than it has received, but it 
18 On many accounts more difficult to grapple with than it may 
at first sight appear to be. The vagrant habits of the criminal 
classes, their illegitimate unions and extreme untruthfulness, 
are among the difficulties. It is, however, easy to show that 
the criminal nature tends to be inherited while, on the other 
hand, it is impossible that women who spend a large portion of 
the best years of their lives in prison can contribute many chil- 
dren to the population. The true state of the case appears to 
be that the criminal population receives steady accessions from 
classes who, without having strongly marked criminal natures, 
do nevertheless belong to a type of humanity that is exceed- 
ingly ill-suited to play a respectable part in our modern civili- 
zation, though they are well-suited to flourish under half-sav- 
age conditions, being naturally both healthy and_ prolific. 
These persons are apt to go to the bad; their daughters consort 
with criminals and become the parents of criminals. An e 
traordinary example of this is given by the history of the infa- 
mous Jukes family in America, whose pedigree has been made 
out with extraordinary care, during no less than seven genera- 
tions, and is the subject of an elaborate memoir printed in the 
