1867.] DAWKIKS LOAVEK BEICK-EAKTHS. 103 



shared with those animals the northern shores of the American con- 

 tinent. Of the Cervidae, the Irish Elk is alone extinct, and, having 

 begun to live in Praeglacial times in the Norfolk forest-bed, and having 

 sufficient elasticity of constitution to survive the cold of the Glacial 

 period, ranged through the Postglacial division of the Pleistocene, 

 and at last died out in the Prehistoric period, not without giving 

 room for the suspicion that the hand of man was one of the causes of its 

 extinction. The EedDeer and the Eoe Deer, its contemporaries with a 

 parallel range, have lived on to the present time in Britain, protected 

 by the law, but dwarfed in stature from their banishment to the 

 wilder and more inhospitable regions bj the inroads of civilization 

 on their ancient haunts. The three species of Elephant, all of them 

 utterly extinct, have a very unequal range in both space and time. 

 The Mammoth, Elephas pinmigenius, occurs in the Praeglacial forest- 

 bed of Norfolk, and, having been defended from the intense cold of the 

 Glacial period by his clothing of hair and fur, is most abundant in the 

 Postglacial deposits of Erance, Germany, and Britain, and in the 

 frozen gravels of Russia in Europe and Asia, and of Eschscholtz Bay on 

 the shores of North America. Its remains are found in the Europeo- 

 Asiatic continent north of a line passing through the^ Pyrenees, the 

 Alps, the northern shores of the Caspian, Lake Baikal, Kamtschatka, 

 and the Stanovoi Mountains. The discovery of the frozen carcase 

 by a Tungusian hunter in Siberia in 1790, and the representation 

 of it, graven by the Reindeer-folk in the caves of the Dordogne*, 

 on a fragment of fossil ivory, prove that it was well defended 

 against the cold ; and its association with the Lemmings at Salisbury, 

 with the Musk-sheep at Ereshfordf near Bath, and with the Rein- 

 deer universally in the Postglacial deposits, proves that it was fitted 

 for enduring a very low temperature. The Elephas antiquust, foimd 

 abundantly in the forest-bed of the Norfolk shore, and in some few 

 deposits of unequivocally Postglacial age (as those of Lexden, Oxford, 

 and Bedford), occurs in the Pliocene strata of Erance and Italy, and in 

 the caverns on the shores of the Mediterranean, at Malaga, Gibraltar, 

 Sicily, and Malta. It is, indeed, as remarkable for its southern as 

 the former species is for its northern range. It appears to me to be 

 a Pliocene species that lived in great numbers in Britain while the 

 Praeglacial deposit on the Norfolk shore was being formed, that 

 was gradually supplanted by the Mammoth and driven southward 

 by the lowering of the temperature. It occupied in Pleistocene 

 times precisely the same climatal relation to the Mammoth as the 

 Waipiti does now to the Reindeer in North America, the former 

 being adapted for a mild or even hot climate, the latter being fitted 

 to endure all the severity of an Arctic winter. As the climate 

 gradually became colder, the former species would replace the latter 

 in any given district ; as the climate became warmer it would yield 

 to the latter. To some such oscillation of temperature I would 



* Eevue Archeologiqiie, 1866. 



t All the Mammalia cited from British localities have been examined by tlie 

 author, and, for the most part, have not yet been put on record. 



:j: See Dr. Falconer's papers, Quart. Journ. Geol. See. vol. xiii. p. 307, 1857 ; 

 vol. xxi. p. 253, 1865. 



