1867.] DAWKINS LOWER BRICK-EARTHS. 105 



Mammoth, Behring's Straits into America ; nor in time did it range 

 so far back as the latter animal, being absent from the forest-bed, 

 and having the Brick-earths at llford, Crayford, and Wickham as its 

 earliest resting-places. It was a northern form, ranging up to the 

 highest latitudes, and, unlike any of the living species, had its body 

 defended from the cold by a thick clothing of wool. The second, 

 or the leptorhine, species is that determined first of all by Professor 

 Owen* from Clacton, and is named from its supposed identity with 

 the leptorhine species of Baron Cuvier from the Yal d'Arno. As, 

 however, the former is defined by Professor Owen as the '^Bhinoceros 

 a narines demi-cloisonnees," and the latter by Baron Cuvier as 

 ^'E. a narines non cloisonnees"t, it is clear that these two species 

 are not identical. In consequence of the conflict of evidence as to 

 the existence of a bony nasal partition in the Italian skulls upon 

 the drawings of which Baron Cuvier's species was based, and because 

 he has confounded together all the non-tichorhine species of Pleisto- 

 cene Ehinoceros under the common name of leptorhine, I have pre- 

 ferred to retain the name oi M.leptorhmus of Professor Owen, as having 

 been used in Britain for a group of remains truly and accurately 

 defined under that name in 1846, rather than adopt the name which 

 the late Dr. Palconer applied to the same species, E. hemitcechus, by 

 turningProfessor Owen's definition of Rhinoceros a narines demi-cloi- 

 sonnees into a Greek specific name J. The leptorhine species of Owen 

 ranges, in space, throughout England andAuvergne, and in time from 

 the Thames-valley deposits to the epoch of the caverns of Gower, 

 Wookey Hole, Kirkdale, and of the deposit of Bielbecks in Yorkshire. 

 Unless that of Clacton turns out to be Prseglacial, which is not yet 

 proved to be the case, it has not been found in any strata formed an- 

 terior to the great Glacial era. It was a slender-limbed animal, and, 

 from its limited northern range, was probably not able to endure the 

 same severity of climate as its tichorhine congener. The third spe- 

 cies, or Rhinoceros megarhinus of De Christol§, which I was able to de- 

 termine satisfactorily as occurring in Britain in 1865 1|, stands in the 

 same relation to the tichorhine species as the EleijJias priscus does to 

 the Mammoth. Its headquarters are to be found in the Pliocene 

 deposits of Italy, whence it ranges northwards across the Alps into the 

 French Pliocene beds. I am indebted to the courtesy of the Rev. 

 John Gunn for being able to determine its remains in the forest-bed 

 of Cromer. In the Thames-vaUey deposits under consideration, it 

 is comparatively abundant, especially so at Grays Thurrock. With 

 the exception of the above localities, it is found nowhere else in 

 Britain. I am inclined to view it as one of the links binding the 

 Pleistocene period to the Pliocene. Like the leptorhine it was pos- 

 sessed of two horns and was of slender build. It is differentiated 



* Op. at pp. 356-382. 



t Oss. Foss. torn. ii. p. 110. 4to. 1825. See Nat. Hist. Kev. vol. v. (1865), 

 pp. 400-1. 



X The E. lejptorhinus of Dr. Falconer = the E. megarhiwrn of De Christol, 

 and it is so used throughout his paper. 



§ Ann. Sc. Nat. 2d series, Zool., torn. iv. p. 42-112, 1865. 



II Nat. Hist. Rev. vol. v. p. 403, 1865. 



