182 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. [Feb. 20, 



sons, therefore, I would suggest that the name be struck out of the 

 list of Pleistocene Mammalia. 



What, then, is its range in space and time? In the deposits that 

 are termed Eecent by Sir Charles Lyell, and which Mr. Sanford and 

 myself have called Prehistoric, it is remarkably abundant. Through- 

 out the temperate zone of Northern and Western Europe it ranged 

 through the forests and plains in company with the Urus and the 

 Bison. In Britain it was accompanied by the latter. It has left its 

 bones in the lacustrine marls of Ireland, along with those of the 

 Irish Elk and the Reindeer, and in the peat-bog of Hilgay, in Norfolk, 

 with the Beaver. In the peaty mud near Newbury, in Berkshire, it is 

 found along with the Wild Boar, Eed Deer, Roe Deer, Wolf, Goat, 

 Horse, Otter, Bear, Urus, and Water-rat. In the alluvia of rivers 

 it is particularly abundant. Mr. Seeley, also, mentions its occurrence 

 in the " older peat " of the Eenland with the same animals, under 

 the name of Bos frontosus. It is commonly associated with human 

 remains of a date anterior to the arrival of the Saxons. Dr. Thur- 

 nam's late discoveries prove that the tumuli of Wilts are full of its 

 bones; the refuse-heaps of early Keltic villages, such as that of 

 Stanlake*, in. Berkshire, are composed of its remains. Around Roman 

 stations and cities it is more abundant than any other animal, as, for 

 example, Uriconium, Londinium, and Camulodunum. I have found 

 it even in the graves of the Britons who were interred at Hardham, 

 near Pulborough, in Sussex, during the Roman occupation f. The 

 horn-cores and broken bones were lying in the same oaken chest 

 which contained the ashes of the dead, drinking-vessels, garments, 

 and sandals. Examples might be multiplied to prove its existence 

 in large herds in Britain during the Bronze- and Stone-periods, and 

 that it was the animal that supplied the bronze-using Kelts and their 

 Roman conquerors with beef. In Prehistoric caverns it is very 

 abundant, as in that of Dowkabotham %, in Yorkshire, explored by 

 Mr. Earrar, M.P., and in several in Somerset, explored by Mr. San- 

 ford and myself. Its metacarpals, from a black superficial deposit 

 in Kents Hole, I have detected in the Museums of Oxford and the 

 Geological Society ; and had not the Rev. J. McEnery§ described the 

 bed whence he obtained them, and had not their mineral condition 

 been different from that of older remains found in the cave, it is 

 very possible that they might have been quoted in confirmation of 

 the view of the coexistence of the animal with Machairodus and 

 other extinct Pleistocene Mammals found in a lower stratum. 



On the continent, as in Great Britain, it is found around the 

 dwellings and in the tombs of the Bronze- and Stone-folk. No- 

 where is there the least evidence of its having a higher antiquity 

 than the Neolithic age of Sir John Lubbock. It has not yet even 

 been proved to have been living in Europe at the time a people 



* Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 479. 

 t Sussex Archseol. Trans, vol. xvi. 



I The remains from this cavern are preserved in the Leeds Museum. 

 § ' Cavern Researches,' by the Eev. J. Mc Enery, edited by E. Yivian, Esq. 

 4to. 1859. 



