CONTENTS 



Preface ix 



Totonac and Totonacapan 1 



Sixteenth-century distribution 3 



Sixteenth-century population 7 



Southern Totonacapan 7 



Northern Totonacapan 9 



Totonacapan as a whole 10 



Modern distribution and population 12 



Historical background 14 



Archeology 14 



Legendary history 16 



Mexican conquest 20 



Antecedents 21 



Moctezuma I (1440-69) 22 



Axayacatl (1469-81) and Tizoc (1481- 



86) 23 



Ahuizotl (1486-1502) 23 



Moctezuma II (1502-20) .. 23 



Nature of the conquest 23 



Discovery 24 



Antecedents .. 24 



Hernandez de C6rdoba and Grijalva. 24 



Cortes 25 



Conquest 26 



Totonac-Mexican hostility 26 



The Quetzalcoatl myth 26 



Spanish-Totonac alliance 27 



Totonacapan at the time of Cortes' 



march 28 



The Totonac in Cortes' army 28 



Totonacapan after the march of Cor- 

 tes 29 



Narvdez, and the return of Cortes 29 



Totonacapan during the siege of Te- 



nochtitlan 30 



Evangelization 30 



The first missionaries 30 



Organization of the evangelization 31 



Results of evangelization 32 



Colonization 33 



Native organization 33 



Repartimientos and ecomiendas 34 



Haciendas 37 



Dispersal of population 38 



Reducciones, congregaciones, and co- 



rregimientos 38 



Political consequences of the congre- 



gaci6n 39 



Other aspects of colonization 39 



Local colonial history 40 



Independence 40 



Insurgent movement in Totonacapan . 40 



Olarte and Coxquihui 41 



PAGE 



Totonac and Totonacapan — Continued 

 Historical background — Continued 

 Independence — Continued 



Various aspects of the war for Inde- 

 pendence 42 



The Mariano Olarte uprising..-., 43 



From the Olarte revolt to the Reform. 43 



The Reform laws 44 



Disentailment 44 



Laws of colonization 45 



Oil exploitation 46 



Summary 46 



The Tajfn Totonac 46 



Environment 46 



Place names 51 



The modern community 53 



Colonization 53 



Boundaries 55 



The fundo legal 56 



Distribution of houses and fields 59 



Settlement pattern 62 



Modern population 62 



Provenience 62 



Composition 64 



Birth statistics 68 



Mortality 69 



Exploitation of natural resources 70 



Water supply 70 



Lumber and fuel 72 



Other extractive activities 73 



Hunting 74 



Fishing 78 



Wild plants 81 



Tomato and chili 81 



Other wild food plants 82 



Chicle and rubber 83 



Animal husbandry 84 



Donkeys, horses, mules 84 



Swine 87 



Fowl 89 



Chickens 90 



Turkeys 92 



Other fowl 92 



Dogs and cats 94 



Bees 95 



The native bee 95 



The Old World bee 95 



Agriculture 99 



Maize-vanilla rotation 100 



Maize 102 



Kinds of maize 102 



The milpa 105 



Agricultural implements 107 



v 



