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INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY — PUBLICATION NO. 13 



stands in the open. Because a considerable area 

 is required for the circuit of the animal which 

 provides traction, it is not feasible to roof the 

 mill. When not in use, it may be covered with a 

 scrap of sheet iron or an old mat. 



FENCES 



Fencing is rare, except in the fundo legal. Of 

 our 39 families of the census, 11 have enclosures 

 of one sort or another ; 3 are of poles, 8 of bamboo, 

 1 of barbed wire. Even in the fundo, the entire 

 lot seldom is fenced; although occasionally the 

 frontage on the "street" is so treated. But by 

 and large, in the fundo and on outlying parcels, 

 fences are built to protect small garden plots 

 from damage by animals. 



A fence usually consists of a series of spaced 

 posts set in the ground and connected by a single 

 line of horizontal poles near the top, and another 

 near the ground. Uprights, of light poles or bam- 

 boo splints, are lashed to the horizontals with 

 liana, in wrapped twine stitch (pi. 18, g) . In one 

 case, split wood serves as the uprights (pi. 18, /) ; 

 in another, a temporary fence has been built of 

 crushed cane stalks, supported between two hori- 

 zontal poles which are lashed to uprights. 



Other fences seldom are seen. One field, near 

 the fundo, is bounded by monte on three sides; 

 along its open frontage is a series of posts, to which 

 horizontal poles have been lashed; no upright 

 fillers are used (pi. 7, e) . This casual fencing pro- 

 tects the maize from passing horses and mules. A 

 similar fence is used to form a corral for pack and 

 riding animals, but such enclosures are rare. 



Sometimes, small branches of chaca (No. 228) 

 ovmuite (No. 123) are planted at spaced intervals 

 along property lines, and, as they take root, they 

 form a hedge. 



THE MENAGE AS A WHOLE 



Many Totonac families live in a single house, but 

 generally all who can afford it occupy several dis- 

 tinct structures. The relative location of the 

 buildings of each family of the fundo legal is evi- 

 dent in map 7, and figures 32 and 33 give a good 

 idea of furniture arrangement in individual 

 rooms. 



However, it seems desirable to present a more 

 complete picture, which will indicate how the va- 

 rious elements — buildings and furnishings — are 

 combined. Accordingly, map 9 is a detailed 

 sketch, to scale, of the domestic arrangements of 



Legend to map 9 



A typical manage, that of Pablo Gonzalez. 



Vegetation in the house clearing is numbered (see key on sketch) ; in the present paragraph, numbers in parentheses 

 refer to Appendix C. Trees and shrubs, cultivated for fruit: 1, avocado; 2, guava (No. 326) ; 3, lima (probably Citrus lim- 

 etta Risso) ; 4, lime; 5, orange; 6, grafted orange; 7, physic nut (No. 192); 8, banana (within fenced enclosure); 9, citron, 

 10, tree gourd (No. 300). Other trees and shrubs, not cultivated: 11, zapote chico (No. 191); 12, capulln (Nos. 21, 41; 

 or 85) ; 13, estribillo (No. 61) ; 14, castor (higuerilla blanca, No. 250) ; 15, moral (No. 324) ; 16, tree, kind not noted. Orna- 

 mental plants, cultivated: 17, Cuernavaca, a shrub; 18, flor de mayo (No. 151); 19, mock orange (limonaria) ; 20, lilies 

 (lirios); 21, rosebushes (rosales) ; 22, hibiscus (tulipdn); 23, small flowering plants of various kinds (periwinkle, etc.). 

 Note the number and variety of plants, mostly cultivated, which adorn the patio. Note also the abundance of clay pots, 

 strewn here and there, and represented by an open circle, not numbered. 



Structures are indicated by letter: a, laundry; b, water supply; c, kitchen; d, living room; e, /, bedrooms; g, hog 

 shelter; h, poultry house. All buildings have earth floors. 



a. Laundry (pi. 18, e). Four forked posts provide a frame for seven horizontal poles, which form a table top. On 

 t is a large, oval cedar tray and a gourd, cut lengthwise, to form a dipper. 



Over the laundry table is a triangular roof of palma rrdonda, resting on a frame of three forked sticks. The roof has 

 a slight pitch and drains to the south. An empty clay jar stands at the base of one of the forked posts. 



Extending east of the laundry table is a line of upright stones, set casually in the ground, to curb erosion. A similar 

 line runs parallel, a meter or so the north. A third line extends west, from the laundry table to the kitchen, bounded 

 on the north side by a row of lilies. Flat stepping stones run from the laundry table to the nearby enclosure where 

 water is stored. 



b. Water supply (pi. 13, b). A quadrilateral, not rectangular, enclosure surrounds the jars containing water. At 

 the east end of the north wall, a break provides an entrance. The enclosure consists of a post at each corner, connected by 

 a single horizontal bar on each side. On the inside of the latter, small upright poles arc stuck in the ground, close to one 

 another, and with liana are affixed to the bar, in wrapped twine. At the moment, the fence is in need of repair. 



On the outside of the east side of the fence sits an empty clay pot. Another, on the ground within the enclosure, near 

 the southwest corner, contains water. So also do the three clay pots in the northwest corner. They are deeply embedded 

 in ash (represented by a wavy line), a relic of past lye-water. As the ash loses its efficacy, it is removed from the jar and 

 thrown against the exterior, while a new mixture of ash and water is prepared. 



