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INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY — PUBLICATION NO. 13 



phantly and Moctezuma divided the spoils. There 

 is no indication that he established his tribute col- 

 lectors in the subdued pueblos, 34 and if we can 

 believe Ixtlilxochitl, 35 it was Netzahualcoyotl, of 

 Texcoco, who did so. 



The route of the conquest is not clear. On the 

 trip to the Huasteca, the troops passed through 

 Tulancingo (Tezozomoc, p. 107), but no further 

 details of itinerary are given. Tezozomoc (p. 

 Ill) indicates that on the return, the pueblos 

 along the way either received the conquerors with 

 gifts of food or they were pillaged. Papantla, 

 a relatively short distance from Tuxpan, is not 

 listed among the conquests of Moctezuma I, and 

 claims to have preserved independence until half 

 a century later, when it was subjugated by Mocte- 

 zuma the younger (Relacion de Papantla). 



As a matter of fact, it seems unlikely that any 

 real penetration of northern Totonacapan took 

 place during the reign of Moctezuma I. Kricke- 

 berg (p. 106) notes that several towns "on the 

 limits of Totonac territory" were conquered at 

 this time, and Barlow (1947 a, map 4) would have 

 virtually all of Totonacapan subjugated by Mocte- 

 zuma, with exception of the immediate environs 

 of Papantla. This alleged penetration, which is 

 of direct concern to us, depends upon the identifi- 

 cation of four pueblos : Chiconquiaco, Tlapacoyan, 

 "Chapolicxitla," and Tlatlauquitepec, which are 

 discussed one by one, in the note below. 36 



34 As a matter of fact, the C6dice Chimalpopoca (p. 67) does 

 not even list these Huastecan pueblos among the conquests of 

 Moctezuma. 



35 And it is very much the vogue not to ; even the editor of his 

 ■works never wearies of doubting his veracity. We feel, however, 

 that the value of Ixtlilxochitl is greatly underestimated. 



30 Chiconquiaco is the name of a modern Totonac pueblo north- 

 west of Jalapa. However, its position in the lists of conquests 

 suggests that identification with modern Chiconquiahuitl, (map 

 14, No. 10) in the State of Mexico, is more likely ; in this, Barlow 

 (1947 a) concurs. 



Tlapacoyan is a disconcertingly popular name. Krickeberg 

 (p. 112) is torn between two possibilities : a town near Zacatlan, 

 Puebla, and one on the Rio Nautla. He inclines toward the latter. 

 Of these two alternatives, we think that the Tlapacoyan (map 

 14, No. 28) near Zacatlan is the more likely, and at the same 

 time, we offer a third possibility : Tlapacoya near Pachuca, in 

 the modern State of Hidalgo. There is no evidence, incidentally, 

 that any of the pueblos named Tlapacoyan were of Totonac 

 speech. 



The CCdice Chimalpopoca (p. 67) lists the conquests in the 

 following order : "Itzcuincuitlapilco, Tlapacoyan, Chapolicxitla, 

 Tlatlaubqnitgpec." The first undoubtedly is modern Itzcuin- 

 quitlapilco, in Hidalgo ; "Chapolicxitla" is unplaced. The Colec- 

 ci6n de Mendoza (5: 45) gives a slightly different listing: 

 "Yzcuincuitlapilco . . . Atotomilco . . . Tlapacoyom . . . Chapo- 

 lycxitla . . . Tlatlauhquitepec." Here the first two pueblos 



For Chiconquiaco and Tlapacoyan, alternate 

 identifications are considered, and although Tla- 

 tlauquitepec undoubtedly lay on the fringes of 

 Totonacapan, it was Mexicano in speech. 36 For 

 "Chapolicxitla" no identification can be suggested. 

 In view of this situation, we believe there is no 

 indication of the conquest of pueblos of northern 

 Totonacapan at this time ; in any case, none of the 

 four pueblos in question, seems to have been 

 Totonac during the sixteenth century. 



It is not unlikely that Moctezuma made his first 

 gestures toward subduing the southern Gulf coast 

 following the Huastecan campaign. Tezozomoc 

 (p. 106) and Ixtlilxochitl (2:197) both mention 

 Tuxtepec in connection with the conquests in the 

 Huasteca. The campaign would be more intelli- 

 gible if Tuxtepec were easily accessible from the 

 Huasteca. There seems to be no record of any 

 ancient pueblo of this name in the vicinity, and 

 the reference presumably applies to the pueblo on 

 the Oaxaca-Veracruz border. Perhaps, therefore, 

 the Triple Alliance made an initial thrust to the 

 south simultaneously with its efforts in the north. 

 If so, following the Huastecan campaign, Mexico 

 had bases in the southern Huasteca and far to the 

 south, in Tuxtepec. 



The date of the Huastecan campaign (table 17, 

 No. 48) is given by the Codex Telleriano-Remensis 

 (5: 150) as the year 5 conejos [tochtli], or 1458. 

 Torquemada (1: 164) makes passing reference to 

 the conquest of "Cuextlan," which must have taken 



are to be identified with modern settlements near Pachuca, in 

 Hidalgo ; again, "Chapolicxitla" is not placed. 



In the Matricula de tributos (Colecci6n de Mendoza 5:85), 

 Tlapacoyan heads a list which includes "Xiloxochitlan, Xochi- 

 quauhtitlan. Tuchtlan, Coapan, Aztaopan, and Acagacatla." 

 Unfortunately, these towns, which should indicate the zone defini- 

 tively, are difficult to identify. "Xiloxochitlan" perhaps is 

 modern Eloxochitlan, and "Xochiquauhtitlan" may be Xochi- 

 coatlan, both in Hidalgo. However, in the vicinity of Zacatlan, 

 in the Sierra de Puebla, we find modern Eloxochitlan, Xochi- 

 cuautla, and Tuxtla. In other words, the conquered Tlapacoyan 

 might be either that of Hidalgo or of the Sierra de Puebla. On 

 map 14 (No. 28), the latter is shown. 



Obviously, an identification of "Chapolicxitla" would be of 

 utility in locating both Tlapacoyan and Tlatlauquitepec. Kricke- 

 berg (p. 106) places it, together with the two pueblos just men- 

 tioned, on the borders of Totonac territory. However, we are 

 unable to suggest identification with any existing pueblo ; its po- 

 sition on map 14 (No. 29) is frankly a guess. 



Like Tlapacoyan, Tlatlauquitepec (map 14, No. 30), is a popu- 

 lar town name. However, its identification presents no problem, 

 since the Matricula de tributos makes it clear that the con- 

 quered pueblo is the one which lies in the Sierra de Puebla, 

 between Zacatlan and Teziutlan. Although on the borders of 

 Totonacapan, in the late sixteenth century this pueblo was Mexi- 

 cano (Epistolario 14: 79), and in 1609 its inhabitants spoke 

 "mexicano algo tosca" (Mota y Escobar, p. 196). 



