364 



INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY — PUBLICATION NO. 13 



29 cm. c, Mask for chief dancer of Negritos ; used 

 by dance group in Gildardo Muiioz. Maker unknown ; 

 height, 16.5 cm. e, Mask for clown of Negritos ; used 

 by dance group in Gildardo Muiioz. Maker unknown ; 

 height, 17.5 cm. b, /, Baskets. b, Wicker basket, 

 made by Pascual Santes, Tajin ; diameter, ca, 37 cm. 

 f, Wicker basket strainer, made by Modesto Gonzalez, 

 Tajin ; diameter, 20-22 cm. d, Hanging frame for 

 food storage ; made by Guadalupe de Luna, of San 

 Miguel Pericos ; diameter, 46-48 cm. 



Plate 23 



Wooden puppet (a^-c) used in course of Christmas festivi- 

 ties. Maker unknown ; height, 72 cm. 



Plate 24 



Pottery making. Various steps in making a jar. a, The 

 clay is worked between the hands to form a roil. b, 

 The roll is placed in a half circle, on a banana leaf, 

 which is spread on top of a box ; the original half circle 

 has been completed by a second roll, and a third half 

 circle placed on top. c, There is a total of three circles 

 (each composed of two rolls of clay) , one on top of the 

 other, d, Coils have been obliterated through upward 

 stroking, and the cylinder now stands about 35 cm. tall. 

 e, With a corncob, the upper walls of the cylinder are 

 stroked upward, to form the rim of the jar. f, The 

 walls are scraped and smoothed, g, The belly of the 

 vessel is expanded, h, In the right foreground, a jar 

 has dried sufficiently to be stood on its rim, and the 

 moist clay of the base stroked to close the aperture. 

 This operation has not yet been completed. On the 

 floor are scattered castor leaves, which have been 

 wrapped about the base, to keep the clay damp, while 

 the remainder of the vessel dried. 



Plate 25 



Pottery making, a-d, Bowls, e-g, Baking plate, a, Two 

 clay circles are superimposed. b, The coils are ob- 

 literated on the interior, c, The upper edge is wiped 

 with the moistened band to form the rim of the vessel. 

 d, The base has been added and the surface of the 

 bowl is being smoothed with the hand, which has been 

 dipped in water, e, The baking plate usually is 

 formed on the base of an inverted wooden tray. /, 

 In this case, the griddle is made on a flat board ; the 

 upper surface of the plate is being smoothed with the 

 hand, g, A griddle is being fired ; note the radial 

 disposition of the fuel. Ash has been placed on the 

 upper surface of the plate, to prevent breakage. 



Plate 20 



Braiding; palm ornaments, a, Making a seven-strand 

 braid of jonote bark. b, Palm stars used in cemetery 

 decoration ; the grave is strewn with clay incense 

 burners, c-e, Palm stars used as altar ornament. 

 /, Canopy made of four leaves of palma real; the seg- 

 ments of the lower half of each leaf have been woven 



to form a selvage. Woven palm stars are affixed as 

 ornament (cf. pi. 27, d). 



Plate 27 



Woven palm ornaments, a, b, Stars, c, Star variant. 



d, Star affixed with wooden skewer to palm canopy ; 

 cf. pi. 26, /. e, Pineapple, f, Sun or sacrament, g, 

 Basket or gourd. 



Plate 28 



Spinning and weaving, a, c, Spinning. b, f, Winding 

 the spun thread on the spindle, d, Wrapping the 

 heddle; ordinarily, one works from left to right, not 

 as shown in the photograph, e, Changing the shed. 

 g, Warping over three stakes (cf. fig. 55). 



Plate 29 



Cotton textiles. All are "old" manteles; measurements 

 given below are approximate and do not include 

 fringe, a, No. 18; 35 X 40 cm. b, No. 16; 58 X 63 

 cm. c, No. 23 ; 76 X 90 cm. d, No. 24 ; 68 X 69 cm. 



Plate 30 



Cotton textiles. Warp threads run lengthwise on the 

 page, a^g, to same scale, to demonstrate differences 

 in texture between various products and between 

 "old" and new manteles, a, Modern strainer (cola- 

 dera), No. 3; approximately 7 warps to each centi- 

 meter, b, Ruedo, No. 8. c-e, "Old" manteles; c, No. 

 16; d, No. 20; e, No. 19. f, g, New manteles; f, No. 

 31; g, No. 34. h. Ruedo, No. 8. Two lengths of 

 warp threads, left unwoven above the fringe, are 

 sewn to the fabric to prevent raveling. 



Plate 31 



Cotton textiles : fringe. All illustrated specimens are 

 manteles. a, No. 16 ; I), No. 34 ; c, No. 19 ; d, No. 23 ; 



e, f, No. IS. Knots (p. 235; fig. 62) are as follows: 

 a, knot a; b, knots b and g ; c, knot c; d, knot d; e, f, 

 knot g. Knots e and / not shown here but appear in 

 figure 62. 



Plate 32 



Embroidered skirt; woven belt. a-d. Sacklike skirt, em- 

 broidered in blue ; the type current forty-odd years 

 ago. Made by Luz Valencia, Tajin, who loaned the 

 specimen for photographing. Both sides of the skirt 

 are shown, as well as detail of the embroidery, c, f. 

 Obverse and reverse of red and white woven sash, 

 purchased in former times from traders from the 

 highlands ; precise provenience unknown to infor- 

 mants. No longer available, but a few such belts 

 still are found in Tajin and are worn exclusively by 

 elderly women (pi. 20, a). 



Plate 33 



Embroidery, a, b. Border at each end of ruedo No. 10. 

 c-c, Blouse embroidery ; c, design darned on a drawn- 

 work foundation. /, Caudlewick work. 



