THE INDIAN CASTE OF PERU, 1795-1940 — KTJBLER 



47 



evaded the tax with every means of ingenuity. 

 Hence any tax register that shows an increase in 

 mestizo percentages after 1840 probably reports 

 the fact only in partial detail. 



Indian gains (map 11) were registered during 

 the same period in far fewer southern provinces, 

 and notably in certain central and northern 

 provinces. In the south, Indian percentage gains 

 were remarkable only in Urubamba, Abancay, 

 and Parinacochas Provinces. Taken together 

 with other south highland provinces, these terri- 

 tories of Indian increase, relative to the total 

 population in each province, may be regarded as 

 an Indian bastion, centrally situated in the 

 Department of Cuzco, at the edges of which the 

 mestizo wave was encroaching after 1840. 



On the central coast Chancay Province con- 

 tinued after 1840 the sharp Indian increase, 

 already noted between 1795 and about 1840. In 

 the northern highlands, only Pataz Province 

 registered a decisive Indian increase, which was 

 to continue with equal vigor until after 1876. 

 Cajamarca showed appreciable Indian gains, 

 although in all these instances, the reluctance 

 of the mestizos to appear in the tax registers 

 may be taken to invalidate, in part at least, these 

 Indian gains. Surely the remarkable modern 

 Indianization of the Callej<5n de Huaylas has 

 antecedents in the steady if small Indian gains 

 in Huaylas, continuous there from 1795 to the 

 present. 



PERCENTAGES IN 1826/54-1876 



Indian gains by percentage (map 13) show a 

 grouping that prefigures the present state of 

 affairs. In the extreme north, Piura and Jaen 

 became appreciably more Indian. On the other 

 hand the block of northern provinces, composed 

 of Conchucos, Trujillo, Cajamarca, Chota, and 

 Chachapoyas, became more markedly mestizo 

 (map 14). 



In central and southern Peru, mestizo gains 

 continued in massive progress (map 14), through 

 a solid block extending southeastward from 

 Chancay to Huancane" Province on Lake Titicaca 

 at the Bolivian frontier. The conversion to non- 

 Indian majorities was especially rapid in Chancay 

 and lea Provinces on the coast, and in the southern 

 provinces of the Departments of Apurimac and 

 Cuzco. 



Indian gains (map 13) in central and southern 

 Peru were fewer than at any previous time within 

 our knowledge. In Yauyos and Castrovirreyna, 

 earlier mestizo gains were checked by a momentary 

 increase in Indian percentages. Parinacochas and 

 Canas alone in the Department of Cuzco showed 

 Indian gains. In Puno, only the Province of 

 Chucuito gained Indians more rapidly than 

 mestizos. 



In general, the period is marked by overwhelming 

 mestizo gains in the south (map 14), and by 

 extremely rapid Indian gains in Libertad and in 

 the provinces centering upon the Callej6n de 

 Huaylas (map 13). As the south became more 

 mestizo, the extreme north and the Departments 

 of Ancash and Huanuco became more Indian. 

 The process has nothing to do with biological 

 increases. It is entirely and purely a social 

 process, with caste demarcations undulating 

 variably in time and space, in response to local and 

 governmental attitudes of which the detailed 

 analysis is still not possible. 



PERCENTAGES IN 1876-1940 



In the extreme north, in the Department of 

 Piura, the great Indian increases during the pre- 

 ceding period, rapidly abated in all provinces 

 excepting Ayabaca (map 15). It will be recalled 

 that Ayabaca, Piura, and Huancabamba Provinces 

 still showed Indian majorities in 1940 (map 8). 

 But between 1876 and 1940, Piura and Huanca- 

 bamba both gained mestizo or non-Indian popula- 

 tion (map 16). Piura in fact gained it at the rate 

 of more than 31 percent in 64 years. 



From the Callej6n de Huaylas eastward to 

 Huamalies, extremely sharp Indian increases in 

 well-defined territory appear (map 15). Even 

 Pallasca and Pomabamba Provinces, where the 

 mestizo percentages had been gaining very rapidly 

 before 1876, reversed their tendency with Indian 

 increases of great magnitude. 



Farther south, Indian increases on a large scale 

 are evident from Jauja to Abancay, and due south 

 from Abancay to Camana and Caraveli (map 15). 

 In this block only the urban Province of Hua- 

 manga, with the departmental capital of Aya- 

 cucho, was exempted from the general increase of 

 Indian percentages. The phenomenon reverses 

 all trends for the same area during the preceding 

 period. The abrupt reversal of trend also charac- 



