THE INDIAN CASTE OF PERU, 1795-1940 KUBLER 



Table 9. — Indian counts compared, 1795-1940, by provincial units as of 1795 (cf. maps 19, 



65 



Province 



1795 



Total 



Indians 



1826-54 



Total 



Indians 



1876 



Total 



Indians 



1940 



Total 



Indians 



Abancay... 



Andahuaylas 



Anta 



Aimaraes 



Cailloma_ 



Cajamarca 



Cajatambo 



Calca 



Canas 



Canta 



Castrovirreyna. 



Chachapoyas 



Chancay 



Chota 



Chumbivilcas 



Conchucos 



Cotabambas 



Cuzco 



Huamaehuco 



Huamalles 



i 25, 259 

 12, 020 



18,419 

 5,000 



15, 281 



13, 905 



I 62, 196 



16,872 



6,199 

 34, 968 

 12, 133 



9,365 

 25, 398 

 13, 945 



10, 782 



11, 872 



2 29, 692 



10, 500 



5,519 

 29, 045 

 10, 333 



8,385 

 12,503 



7,500 



Huancaveliea... 



Huanuco 



Huari 



Huarochirf 



Huaylas 



lea 



Jaen 



Jauja. 



Lima.. _.. 



Lucanas 



Parinacochas.. 



Paruro 



Pataz 



Paucartambo.. 



Piura 



Quispicanchis. 



Santa 



Tacna 



Tayacaja 



Trujillo. 



Urubamba 



Yauyos 



15,973 

 ' 25, 308 

 19,824 

 31, 982 

 38, 150 

 14,234 

 25, 821 

 5,146 

 16, 826 



11,475 



3 9, 899 



18, 237 



14, 254 



17,117 



8,957 



20, 373 



3,803 



7,598 



14, 024 

 40, 822 

 20, 576 

 < 6, 200 

 52,286 

 62, 910 



15. 725 

 16,011 

 20, 236 

 13, 508 

 12, 973 

 44, 491 

 24, 337 



3,334 



18. 726 

 13, 161 

 12, 031 



9,250 

 9,574 



13, 084 



20, 935 



6,607 



« 3, 047 



28, 477 



9,744 



12, 700 



8,475 



15, 034 



4,627 



11, 229 



24, 797 



19, 947 



873 



12, 820 



9,020 



4,577 



5,164 



8,005 



8,276 

 22, 850 

 17, 594 

 28, 638 

 21, 522 



42, 762 

 24, 799 

 18, 425 

 36, 109 



9, 433 

 14, 348 

 18, 426 



13, 943 

 53, 775 

 19, 048 

 44,110 

 21, 979 

 40, 000 



43, 058 

 17, 889 

 18, 167 

 18,001 

 14, 534 

 42, 661 



14, 258 

 61,642 



7,033 



7,345 

 93, 033 

 65, 116 

 13, 843 

 20, 166 

 17, 732 

 17, 355 

 11,720 

 53,815 

 26, 778 



2,159 

 20, 305 

 20, 345 



7,211 

 15, 089 

 14, 858 



6,570 

 14, 899 



14, 989 

 18, 776 

 19, 343 

 22, 787 



15, 599 

 16, 853 

 33, 119 



7,013 

 11, 654 

 10, 005 

 10, 512 

 19, 859 



16, 952 

 23,945 

 15,614 

 18,720 

 18, 762 



8,768 



16, 758 



14,285 



9,048 



9,327 



13, 394 



30, 881 



4,754 



2,214 



48, 927 



9,690 



11,002 



12,713 



15, 965 



7,476 



10, 937 



30, 943 



23, 033 



415 



12, 579 



15, 618 



4,164 



9,568 



13,563 



16, 449 

 48, 100 

 21, 668 

 25, 330 

 20, 220 

 82, 538 

 31,035 

 14, 086 

 35, 866 

 16, 650 

 14, 802 

 34,284 

 36, 440 

 98, 314 

 29, 389 

 65, 566 

 28,646 

 23,108 

 43, 519 

 44, 380 

 29, 905 

 50, 106 

 34, 601 

 59, 766 

 14, 397 



109, 823 

 37, 789 

 12, 626 



125, 259 



120, 994 

 23,852 

 26, 204 

 16, 800 

 29, 244 

 14, 086 



135, 615 

 37, 938 

 18,639 

 36, 009 

 38, 161 

 32, 559 

 26, 870 

 15,075 



8,226 

 26, 167 



15, 292 

 10, 443 



16, 796 

 27,730 



20, 399 

 11,017 

 33, 720 

 14, 978 



14, 686 



18, 201 

 17, 903 

 31, 409 

 22, 753 

 24, 322 



19, 845 

 9,455 



19,340 

 23,443 

 26, 331 

 39, 139 

 23,698 

 20, 152 

 13, 027 

 62, 335 



17, 982 

 6,166 



70, 732 

 26, 414 

 17, 056 

 17,816 

 9,921 

 19,763 



12, 211 

 79, 792 

 29,814 



5,584 



21, 807 

 27, 098 

 10, 622 



15, 550 



13, 784 



36, 122 

 107, 726 

 39, 377 



50, 084 

 30, 210 



190, 863 

 52, 307 

 33, 778 

 58,264 

 27, 965 

 47, 374 

 65, 065 



128,944 



214, 189 

 54, 905 



101, 978 

 64, 182 

 54,631 

 85, 798 



115,072 



51, 509 

 117, 743 

 118, 952 



89, 807 

 36,663 



172, 360 

 99, 393 

 44,684 



258, 192 



562, 885 

 69, 867 

 40, 431 

 29, 133 

 50, 706 

 28,666 



434, 314 

 75, 618 

 33, 955 

 36, 349 

 84, 059 



116, 682 

 56, 801 

 26, 675 



24,028 

 86, 289 

 27, 797 

 26, 301 

 22, 734 

 39, 541 

 25,929 

 23,190 

 53, 654 



9,751 

 28,310 

 13,266 

 30,634 



8,073 

 41,487 

 55,063 

 44,103 

 16,622 

 20, 178 

 76, 735 

 45, 184 

 97,446 

 71, 769 

 55, 379 

 13,823 

 105, 775 

 16,082 



7,959 

 153, 843 

 27,944 

 49, 777 

 21,012 

 20, 661 

 11,619 

 24,693 

 154, 890 

 60,223 



7,672 

 18, 963 

 69,203 

 11,600 

 29, 178 

 10, 161 



Total.... 

 Percent.. 



850, 980 



490, 515 

 57.64 



1, 100, 150 



651,993 

 59.26 



1, 776, 708 



72, 919 

 54.76 



4, 194, 278 



1,758,541 

 41.93 



'Includes Anta. 2 Includes Chota. ' Includes Huari. * Figures of 1788. 



by caste are known. The two figures for 1586 and 

 1795 do, however, yield a measure for the process 

 of caste formation during the Colonial era. When 

 the percentages are plotted together with those of 

 the Republican era, as in figure 1, certain con- 

 clusions suggest themselves. By contrast with 

 events since the Wars of Independence, the three 

 centuries of Colonial rule show that the non- 

 Indian caste grew more rapidly than it has grown 

 since 1795. In other words, the Colonial attitude 

 toward passage from Indian to non-Indian caste 

 may be described as more relaxed and more per- 

 missive than since Independence. In the second 

 place, and by extrapolation, it appears that the 

 Colonial rate of caste-change, had it prevailed 

 after 1795 unchanged to the present, would have 

 reached the caste percentages of 1940 in 1876. 

 The dotted line in figure 1 illustrates this notion. 

 By the same token, the Indian population of Peru 

 would today be less than 30 percent of the total, 

 instead of nearly 42 percent. 



To attempt prediction on the grounds of such 

 records and deductions is impossible. The evi- 

 dence we have is that Peruvian population com- 

 position is a social process and not a biological one. 

 In the course of this process the two dominant 

 castes exchange positions of dominance and in- 

 crease at irregular and unpredictable intervals in 

 the recent past, and in unexpected magnitudes. 

 The governing factors in the process are probably 

 economic and ideological, and in no case biological, 

 where caste is involved. It is not unlikely that 

 among the conditions favoring Indian increase and 

 dominance, are local conditions of economic 

 disintegration and impoverishment, and of geo- 

 graphical isolation. Also relevant is the need of a 

 society approaching industrialization, for a large 

 reserve of cheap and rootless labor. Intervening 

 here, a romantic ideology of Indian rural existence 

 has the paradoxical and unintended effect of 

 hardening the caste boundaries between the 

 Indian and the mestizo. Such is the literary, 



