OF THE TORU1JA LANGUAGE. 



59 



suggests a number of interesting philological ramifications. The association of the ideas 

 of elevation, light, and heat, with the sky, is so natural, that we may reasonably expect to 

 find, through the words that express those ideas, traces of very early family affinity. That 

 expectation is realized in 1, S. hi, to grow, to enlarge; heti«, flame ; 2, 1). T.,* °he, a moun- 

 tain, ; "hewapke, "lying on the mountain," front (Cfr. S. hima, L. hicms, Gr. x si i'- < " v ) ', 'hcmlo, 

 "hemlaya, hill-top, ridge, mountain-level (Cfr. S. hima'laya, L. pla-nus = I). T. mla); G. 

 hitze, hiigel, himmel (which, like the Greek Olympus, may possibly have been taken from 

 the fancied abode of the gods in a mountain range) ; 4, E. heat, hill, high, heaven (== 

 heaved, or high) ; 5, A. S. bar, H. "in, hoary ; in, « mountain ; 6, C. he, dangerous moun- 

 tain*, the eolorof the, sun, tight, very hot, M. 3311, 3338-9; heuen, heaven, to rule, M. 3663, 

 3820. llim-a'laya, = "the cold abode," is not so closely connected with the Dakota 

 form hemlaya, as it appears at first glance. But the remote connection is still more inte- 

 resting, inasmuch as it shows that a primitive etymological vinculum may exist where we 

 least expect to find it. Cfr. Y. ra, to lay one thing on another ; bele, bere, flat, level; ile, 

 a house, ground, earth; D. T. mla, smooth, flat; ehle, to lay; mle, a lake; L. pla-nus, la- 

 cus; Gr. Htyv, E. lake, lay, level, flat. 



Another primitive root, la or ra [with its modifications wa and ma], either simple, na- 

 salised, or gutturalized, is found in 1, C, laou, large, M. 6925 ; king, lofty, bright and clear, 

 M. 6912 (Cfr. G. lange; L. longus; A. S., l)u., Dn., lang); ling, a mountain, M. 7269; 

 lung, conspicuous, glorious, rising high, in the centre as the summit of a mountain, M. 7399 

 (Cfr. 8-\oix-Ttos) ; lok, the bright dazzling glare of water, M. 7302 (Cfr. L. luc-) ; 2, Eg. ra, 

 sun, day; rkh, heat (Cfr. S. rcfa, star); 3, Y. la (in ni-la), large; van, to shine; orun, sun, 

 shy; re, to go (Cfr. S. r, L. ire); ru, to rise, smell; 4. S. urn, great; ra/vi*, the sun; ra'dj, 

 to shine (Cfr. I,, rad-, verus) ; 5. S. Afric. and Polynes. la, lang, &c. Sec ante, § 36, 38. 



The Chinese having no r sound, usually represent it by 1, but sometimes by w, which 

 they often interchange with m. We therefore find 1, C. mang, M. 7509, 7515 = wang, 

 M. 11621 = lang M. 6912, vast, wide, great. The ideas of power, government, law, flow 

 naturally from that of greatness, and we have 2, C. wang, the sun going forth and shedding 

 abroad his illuminating beams, M. 11620; wang, a ruler, M. 11618; mang, strong, a senior 

 or superior, M. 751.5-6 (Cfr. L. magnus, major, magister) ; lang, the majesty of divinity, 

 M. 6920; laou, venerable, M. 6923; le, human reason, to govern, M. 6942 (Cfr. E. re-go, 

 ratio) ; lik, strength, to establish, to erect, to form or fix, to put in order, to restrain, M. 7111-3, 

 7217 (Cfr. kfyw; E. lego, lex, crigo; S. ra'dj- to rule; E. reign, regular, rectitude ; D. T* 

 ilaka, to govern. Cfr. also Malay, languit, orang; Eg. ra, ruma; S. bhanus, manufas; D. 

 wi, wic'a (= sun, man) ; L. vir, vireo, vividus ; Y. ko, to flash, kun, to bum, ako, male, 

 akoigri, man); ling, M. 7249, to govern, lav). Speech, as the directing faculty, is repre- 



* Titoijwaij dialect of the Dakota language. 



