﻿GEOGRAPHY 
  AND 
  TOPOGRAPHY. 
  25 
  

  

  and 
  having 
  a 
  dip 
  slope, 
  as 
  shown 
  in 
  PL 
  IX, 
  A 
  (p. 
  80). 
  Character- 
  

   istic 
  of 
  the 
  soft 
  shale 
  are 
  hills 
  having 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  mounds 
  with 
  sym- 
  

   metrical 
  rounded 
  contours 
  and 
  with 
  few 
  prominent 
  outcrops 
  except 
  

   pavements 
  of 
  shale 
  forming 
  the 
  surface. 
  The 
  soft 
  Fernando 
  sands 
  

   form 
  small 
  hills 
  that 
  look 
  like 
  irregular 
  sand 
  piles, 
  and 
  long 
  slopes 
  

   with 
  shallow 
  erosion 
  features. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  slopes 
  reflect 
  the 
  

   dip 
  of 
  the 
  strata 
  on 
  the 
  flanks 
  of 
  low 
  folds 
  and 
  are 
  structurally 
  

   inclined 
  plateaus 
  in 
  a 
  typical 
  state 
  of 
  youthful 
  dissection. 
  The 
  val- 
  

   leys 
  are, 
  in 
  many 
  places, 
  filled 
  with 
  sand 
  that 
  has 
  shifted 
  down 
  from 
  

   the 
  hills 
  faster 
  than 
  it 
  could 
  be 
  carried 
  away 
  by 
  agencies 
  of 
  transpor- 
  

   tation. 
  Great 
  cliffs 
  of 
  soft 
  sand 
  are 
  common 
  as 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  the 
  rapid 
  

   undermining 
  and 
  removal 
  of 
  portions 
  of 
  hills. 
  Thus 
  walled 
  cirques 
  

   are 
  formed. 
  Harder 
  materials 
  in 
  the 
  Fernando 
  cause 
  squarish 
  forms, 
  

   such 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  Mount 
  Solomon. 
  The 
  terraces 
  of 
  the 
  Quaternary 
  

   give 
  a 
  strong 
  individuality 
  to 
  the 
  topography 
  of 
  this 
  region. 
  They 
  

   are 
  widely 
  in 
  evidence 
  along 
  the 
  coast, 
  in 
  valleys, 
  at 
  all 
  levels 
  up 
  to 
  

   1,200 
  or 
  1,400 
  feet 
  on 
  slopes, 
  on 
  hilltops, 
  and 
  along 
  horizon 
  lines. 
  

  

  DRAINAGE 
  AND 
  RAINFALL. 
  

  

  The 
  three 
  principal 
  streams 
  have 
  received 
  mention 
  under 
  the 
  pre- 
  

   vious 
  headings. 
  A 
  small 
  amount 
  of 
  water 
  runs 
  in 
  them 
  all 
  the 
  year 
  

   round, 
  but 
  the 
  quantity 
  is 
  only 
  rarely 
  sufficient 
  in 
  either 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  

   main 
  streams 
  to 
  warrant 
  their 
  being 
  called 
  rivers. 
  This 
  name 
  is 
  

   applied 
  to 
  them 
  on 
  the 
  ground 
  of 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  their 
  drainage 
  

   areas. 
  Almost 
  all 
  the 
  drainage 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  quadrangles 
  flows 
  into 
  

   these 
  three 
  streams. 
  In 
  the 
  main 
  they 
  run 
  parallel 
  to 
  the 
  strike 
  of 
  

   the 
  formations. 
  In 
  addition 
  to 
  those 
  already 
  mentioned, 
  others 
  that 
  

   run 
  independently 
  into 
  the 
  sea 
  are 
  Casmalia 
  Creek, 
  in 
  Schumann 
  Can- 
  

   yon, 
  which 
  first 
  cuts 
  obliquely 
  across 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Casmalia 
  Hills 
  

   and 
  then 
  assumes 
  a 
  longitudinal 
  course; 
  Canada 
  Honda 
  Creek 
  and 
  

   Jalama 
  Creek, 
  the 
  two 
  last 
  having 
  deeply 
  cut 
  courses 
  parallel 
  with 
  the 
  

   structural 
  lines 
  at 
  the 
  west 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Santa 
  Ynez 
  Mountains. 
  The 
  

   steep 
  seaward 
  slope 
  of 
  these 
  mountains 
  is 
  cut 
  into 
  by 
  a 
  great 
  number 
  

   of 
  short, 
  steep, 
  transverse 
  gorges. 
  

  

  The 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  San 
  Rafael 
  Range 
  lying 
  within 
  the 
  area 
  covered 
  

   by 
  the 
  map 
  is 
  drained 
  principally 
  by 
  Sisquoc 
  and 
  Cuyama 
  rivers, 
  

   which 
  flow 
  along 
  well-graded 
  courses, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  minor 
  streams, 
  

   Labrea 
  and 
  Tepusquet 
  creeks. 
  With 
  the 
  exception 
  of 
  the 
  Cuyama, 
  

   these 
  watercourses 
  and 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  others 
  in 
  the 
  mountains 
  

   have 
  cut 
  transverse 
  canyons 
  across 
  the 
  formations 
  regardless 
  of 
  the 
  

   folding 
  and 
  the 
  structural 
  lines. 
  In 
  this 
  respect 
  they 
  differ 
  from 
  the 
  

   streams 
  farther 
  south. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  whole, 
  it 
  is 
  rather 
  a 
  dry 
  region. 
  An 
  average 
  of 
  only 
  12 
  or 
  15 
  

   inches 
  of 
  rain 
  falls 
  annually, 
  during 
  the 
  winter 
  rainy 
  season. 
  During 
  

  

  