williamb. J BROADHEAD. 211 



ures also occur west of the Verdigris River, and are soon covered by 

 Permian rocks. The western limit of the coal is along the line between 

 Greenwood and Woodson Counties. 



The Permian rocks are found along a ridge running through Cowley 

 and Chautauqua Counties and southern Kansas, which is known as 

 the " Flint Hills," having an elevation of 1,G00 feet above sea level. 

 The Permian rocks rest conformably on the Carboniferous, rendering it 

 difficult to draw any absolute line between them. It is estimated that 

 the Permian has a total thickness of 1,500 feet in southern Kansas, 

 while the Upper Coal Measures are about 500 feet in thickness, con- 

 sisting mainly of sandstones and limestones. 



In a second paper 1 the same author further reported: The valley 

 traversed by the Neosho River is in the lower part of the Middle Coal 

 Measures, which are only productive in the southern extension, but 

 northwardly, in Osage County, coal is mined belonging to the Lower 

 Measures, showing "an uplift of Lower [Middle!] Coal Measures, 

 flanked to the east and west, as we proceed northwardly, by the Upper 

 Coal Measures." 



In Neosho, Wilson, Labette, and Montgomery Counties we find sand- 

 stones in even, flag-like layers, 50 feet thick at Thayer, Neosho County, 

 where coal is extensively worked. Many fossil plants are found in the 

 coal, including Catamites, Lepidodendron, etc. 



In Johnson and Wyandotte Counties limestones and calcareous shale 

 beds of the Upper Coal Measures with molluscan remains are recog- 

 nized, corresponding with similar beds in Cass and Jackson Counties, 

 Missouri j and at Eudora, Douglas County, is found the Plattsburg 

 limestone of Missouri, containing many beautiful Bryozoans. Above 

 this is a gray limestone abounding in Syntrielasma hemiplicata, its in- 

 terior lined with clear crystallized calcite. A little higher is a lime- 

 stone containing Fusulina cylindrica. 



The Productive Coal Measures are found in the eastern tier of coun- 

 ties south of Miami County and include valuable coal beds. 



In Miami and Anderson Counties the upper limestone is surmounted 

 by an oolitic limestone. In Woodson and Greenwood and the north- 

 east part of Elk Counties there are about 50 feet of coarse brown sand- 

 stone, almost without fossils, with only occasional fragments of fucoids 

 and Cordaites. 



In the southeast, near the line of Cowley and Chautauqua Counties, 

 are the " Flint Hills," so called from the numerous fragments of flint 

 strewn over the surface. These hills include the Permian rocks of 

 Kansas, reaching a thickness of about 500 feet. A section of the rocks 

 is given, showing 19 divisions of strata, the upper 12 of which are of 

 Permian type, and the remaining 7 belong to the Upper Coal Measures. 

 Several of the Permian layers abound in Fusulina. They are mostly 



1 The Carboniferous rocks of eastern Kansas, by Gr. C. Broadhead. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Trans., vol. 

 4, pp. 481-493, 1882. 



