94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 



array worm ; but exceptional individuals occur, perhaps one 

 in a hundred, but demonstrably not as many as one in twenty, 

 which lie in the chrysalis state all through the winter, and 

 do not come out in the moth state till the following spring. 

 The proportion of those which lie over till spring is doubt- 

 less greater in the more northern states than it is with us. 

 The great fault which Mr. Walsh made in his excellent 

 paper on this insect, published in the * Illinois State Agricul- 

 tural Transactions' for 1861, was that he drew his lines too 

 rapidly, and allowed of no exceptions to the rule which he 

 laid down, of its single-broodedness. He also fell into an 

 error in roughly estimating the average life of the moth from 

 three to five weeks. I have often caught the moths, both 

 in the fall and spring months, even in years when the 

 worms themselves were unnoticed by farmers ; and Dr. Levi 

 Bartlett, formerly of Pesotum, Illinois, informed me while he 

 was practising in Chicago, that he had himself ascertained 

 that they would sometimes live at least three months, and 

 that he had often found them as late as October. We must 

 also bear in mind that they do not all mature and issue from 

 the ground together, even in the same locality, but that an 

 interval of from six to eight weeks may intervene between 

 the issuing of the .first and last moths. With these facts 

 before us it is easy to comprehend how some of the moths 

 live long enough to deposit their eggs on newly-sown fall 

 grain, though grass meadows are more favourite resorts. It 

 also becomes clear that the moths may sometimes lay their 

 eggs before harvest, upon growing grain, sufiiciently high 

 from the ground for the egg to be carried off with the straw ; 

 and this accounts for several well-authenticated instances of 

 the army worm starting from stack-yards. The array-worm 

 larva varies but little in appearance from the time it hatches 

 to the time when it is full-grown. Some specimens are 

 a shade darker than others, but on many thousands exarained 

 I have found the markings very uniform. The general colour 

 is dingy black, and it is striped longitudinally as follows : — 

 On the back a broad dusky stripe, then a narrow black line, 

 then a narrow white line, then a yellowish stripe, then a 

 narrow sub-obsolete white line ; belly obscure green. The 

 chrysalis is of a shiny mahogany-brown colour, with two 

 stiff converging thorns at the extremity, having two fine 



