I 



THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 157 



They had a red tint, and thereby differed from the summer 

 visitors, but this difference is said to be owing to the more 

 advanced life of the latter. The winter swarms were soon 

 destroyed by the rains. This note probably refers only to 

 A. peregrinum, though P. migratorius is included in it, and 

 P. cinerascens is perhaps often supposed to be P. migra- 

 torius in the observations on the latter. 



The notes by Olivier, of the arrival of these locusts in 

 Syria from Arabia and from South Persia, coincide with the 

 above account of their appearance in Algeria. They seem 

 also to come into Egypt from Arabia, not from the interior of 

 Africa, as is the case with those in Algeria. 



In Wood's ' Bible Animals,' A. peregrinum and P. migra- 

 torius are both mentioned as devastating Syria and Egypt, 

 and there is no indication that one is more destructive than 

 the other. Suquet states that he lived for eighteen years at 

 Beyrout, and did not see the locust (A. peregrinum) till 

 March 80, 1865 ; and that they had not been seen in Syria 

 for twenty-five years. 



Fischer, in his description of P. cinerascens, has the fol- 

 lowing note, and it may serve as an introduction to the 

 observations of Koppen : — 



" Notae utique, quibus a P. migratorio discernitur, non 

 tanti momenti sunt, ut mirarer vel oppugnarem, si quis argu- 

 mentis ex ingenti speciminum examinatorum numero, vel a 

 copula ambarum specierum deductis nisus aliquando con- 

 tenderet, alteram esse alterins varietatem, sub quibusdam 

 victus rationibus procreatum et propagatum." 



Koppen has studied the history of Pachytylus migratorius, 

 the migratory locust of S. Russia, more extensively and 

 minutely than any other author. His researches are pub- 

 lished in the Horae Soc. Ent. Ross. iii. 89 — 246, and there is 

 an abstract of them in the ' Zoological Record' (1867, 459). 

 He maintains that P. migratorius and P. cinerascens are 

 varieties of one species, and that CEdipoda tatarica, Moisch.^ 

 is identical with P. cinerascens. He states that the northern 

 limit of the migratory or nomadic life of this locust is a line 

 passing from Spain through the South of France, Switzerland, 

 Poraerania, S. Russia and S. Siberia, to the North of China. 

 No large swarms occur in Tartary. 



