﻿438 
  Forty-seventh 
  Report 
  on 
  the 
  State 
  Museum. 
  

  

  dark 
  buff, 
  spongy, 
  sandrock, 
  containing 
  an 
  abundance 
  of 
  char- 
  

   acteristic 
  fossils. 
  It 
  merges 
  into 
  Onondaga 
  limestone 
  above, 
  but 
  

   is 
  quite 
  sharply 
  separated 
  from 
  the 
  underlying 
  Esopus 
  shales. 
  

   The 
  greatest 
  thickness 
  observed 
  was 
  six 
  feet 
  in 
  an 
  exposure 
  

   along 
  the 
  road 
  on 
  the 
  slope 
  three-fourths 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  south 
  of 
  

   Callanan's 
  Corners. 
  At 
  Clarksville 
  the 
  amount 
  is 
  considerably 
  

   less, 
  and 
  along 
  the 
  road 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  Countryman 
  hill 
  it 
  is 
  

   apparently 
  not 
  over 
  a 
  few 
  inches. 
  In 
  the 
  intervals 
  between 
  

   these 
  three 
  exposures, 
  I 
  found 
  no 
  outcrops. 
  To 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  

   west 
  there 
  are 
  a 
  few 
  exposures 
  of 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  Onondaga 
  

   limestone, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  Schoharie 
  grit 
  is 
  seen 
  to 
  be 
  absent, 
  and 
  

   this 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  case 
  in 
  the 
  southeastern 
  corner 
  of 
  the 
  

   county, 
  although 
  critical 
  exposures 
  were 
  not 
  found. 
  

  

  Cauda-galli 
  grit=Esopus 
  slates. 
  — 
  This 
  formation 
  consists 
  of 
  

   dark-colored, 
  sandy 
  shales, 
  which, 
  to 
  the 
  southward, 
  have 
  a 
  

   pronounced 
  slaty 
  cleavage. 
  In 
  the 
  Helderberg 
  mountain 
  and 
  . 
  

   westward 
  these 
  shales 
  give 
  rise 
  to 
  the 
  slope 
  extending 
  from 
  the 
  

   terrace 
  of 
  Onondaga 
  limestone 
  above 
  to 
  the 
  terrace 
  of 
  Oriskany 
  

   sandstone 
  below, 
  a 
  feature 
  which 
  is 
  very 
  characteristic. 
  In 
  the 
  

   flexed 
  region 
  south 
  of 
  South 
  Bethlehem 
  the 
  formation 
  is 
  spread 
  

   out 
  over 
  an 
  area 
  of 
  considerable 
  width, 
  in 
  which 
  it 
  gives 
  

   rise 
  to 
  very 
  sharp 
  ridges 
  with 
  abrupt 
  slopes 
  and 
  barren 
  

   aspect. 
  The 
  sharpness 
  of 
  these 
  ridges 
  is 
  due 
  in 
  the 
  main 
  

   to 
  increased 
  hardness 
  of 
  the 
  formation 
  and 
  the 
  development 
  

   of 
  slaty 
  cleavage, 
  which 
  characterizes 
  the 
  formation 
  from 
  this 
  

   district 
  southward. 
  In 
  color 
  the 
  shales 
  are 
  in 
  greater 
  part 
  very 
  

   dark 
  gray, 
  which 
  weathers 
  somewhat 
  lighter 
  on 
  long 
  exposure. 
  

   The 
  finest 
  exposures 
  are 
  in 
  the 
  ridges 
  south 
  of 
  South 
  Bethlehem, 
  

   in 
  the 
  gorge 
  of 
  the 
  Oniskethau 
  at 
  Clarksville 
  and 
  below, 
  at 
  

   several 
  points 
  along 
  the 
  eastern 
  face 
  of 
  the 
  Helderberg 
  moun- 
  

   tain, 
  and 
  at 
  intervals 
  westward 
  by 
  Knox. 
  It 
  extends 
  several 
  

   miles 
  southward 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  fork 
  of 
  the 
  Foxkill, 
  being 
  finely 
  

   exhibited 
  in 
  a 
  short 
  gorge 
  a 
  mile 
  due 
  north 
  of 
  Berne 
  and 
  

   apparently 
  extending 
  to 
  within 
  a 
  short 
  distance 
  of 
  that 
  village. 
  

   The 
  thickness 
  of 
  the 
  formation 
  averages 
  about 
  100 
  feet 
  in 
  

   Albany 
  county. 
  The 
  formation 
  exhibits 
  on 
  its 
  bedding 
  planes, 
  

   wherever 
  these 
  are 
  exposed, 
  impressions 
  of 
  a 
  fucoid 
  known 
  as 
  

   Spirophyton 
  caudi-galli, 
  or 
  the 
  " 
  cock-tail 
  fucoid." 
  These 
  impres- 
  

   sions 
  are 
  most 
  distinct 
  where 
  the 
  beds 
  are 
  slightly 
  quartzitic, 
  a 
  

  

  