﻿Report 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  Geologist. 
  589 
  

  

  Mr. 
  Lindsley 
  also 
  supplies 
  some 
  metal 
  from 
  the 
  refuse 
  of 
  the 
  

   cement 
  mines. 
  The 
  amount 
  is 
  very 
  small. 
  In 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  

   Kingston, 
  Eondout 
  and 
  Saugerties 
  there 
  are 
  extensive 
  outcrops 
  

   of 
  limestone, 
  which 
  could 
  supply 
  road 
  metal 
  cheaply 
  and 
  in 
  

   unlimited 
  quantities, 
  but 
  little 
  use 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  them. 
  The 
  corpo- 
  

   ration 
  of 
  Saugerties 
  owns 
  a 
  steam- 
  crushing 
  plant 
  near 
  the 
  West 
  

   Shore 
  railroad 
  track. 
  The 
  material 
  is 
  used 
  for 
  repairing 
  the 
  

   roads 
  in 
  the 
  village 
  limits. 
  

  

  The 
  principal 
  output 
  of 
  the 
  flagstone 
  quarries 
  of 
  the 
  Catskills 
  

   and 
  its 
  foothills 
  is 
  hauled 
  to 
  tide 
  water 
  at 
  Kingston, 
  Maiden, 
  

   Saugerties 
  an 
  t 
  Wilbur. 
  For 
  this 
  purpose 
  heavy 
  wagons, 
  having 
  

   two, 
  three 
  and 
  four 
  horses 
  or 
  mules, 
  are 
  used. 
  These 
  wagons, 
  

   loaded, 
  often 
  weigh 
  from 
  four 
  to 
  seven 
  tons. 
  About 
  three-inch 
  

   tires 
  are 
  used. 
  As 
  will 
  be 
  readily 
  imagined, 
  these 
  heavy 
  loads, 
  

   passing 
  almost 
  constantly, 
  have 
  necessitated 
  a 
  substitute 
  for 
  the 
  

   ordinary 
  dirt 
  roads. 
  Planks 
  have 
  long 
  since 
  been 
  discarded 
  and 
  

   a 
  simple 
  but 
  expensive 
  and 
  unsatisfactory 
  substitute 
  has 
  been 
  

   found 
  in 
  the 
  Belgian 
  blocks. 
  

  

  These 
  roads 
  are 
  locally 
  known 
  as 
  " 
  trams." 
  To 
  make 
  the 
  

   roads 
  the 
  roadbed 
  is 
  first 
  roughly 
  leveled. 
  Then 
  blocks 
  of 
  flag- 
  

   stones 
  about, 
  three 
  feet 
  in 
  length, 
  eight 
  inches 
  to 
  one 
  foot 
  in 
  

   width, 
  and 
  six 
  to 
  eight 
  inches 
  thick, 
  are 
  laid 
  end 
  to 
  end 
  and 
  in 
  

   parallel 
  rows. 
  They 
  are 
  placed 
  near 
  enough 
  together 
  so 
  that 
  

   the 
  wheels 
  run 
  over 
  them. 
  With 
  the 
  heavy 
  traffic 
  these 
  stones 
  

   are 
  soon 
  cut 
  into 
  deep 
  ruts, 
  and 
  in 
  a 
  short 
  time 
  are 
  cut 
  quite 
  

   through. 
  The 
  road 
  is 
  double, 
  the 
  tram 
  being 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  loaded 
  

   wagons, 
  and 
  the 
  untrammed 
  road 
  being 
  the 
  ordinary 
  dirt 
  road. 
  

  

  Even 
  were 
  the 
  refuse 
  from 
  the 
  flagstone 
  quarries 
  crushed 
  into 
  

   road 
  metal, 
  and 
  the 
  roads 
  built 
  in 
  the 
  best 
  manner 
  matters 
  would 
  

   be 
  little 
  improved. 
  Sandstone 
  of 
  any 
  kind 
  is 
  w 
  r 
  holly 
  unfit 
  for 
  the 
  

   purpose. 
  The 
  best 
  stone 
  for 
  all 
  around 
  use 
  is 
  crushed 
  trap 
  or 
  

   greenstone, 
  next 
  come 
  fine-grained 
  granites. 
  Gneiss 
  is 
  often 
  

   used, 
  but, 
  from 
  its 
  liability 
  to 
  split, 
  it 
  is 
  undesirable. 
  Fine- 
  

   grained, 
  compact, 
  heavy-bedded 
  limestone 
  is 
  nearly 
  as 
  good 
  as 
  

   trap 
  and 
  granite, 
  but 
  it 
  is, 
  of 
  course, 
  much 
  softer 
  and 
  consequently 
  

   wears 
  more 
  rapidly 
  even 
  with 
  moderately 
  heavy 
  traffic. 
  Trap 
  

   and 
  granite 
  are 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  question 
  for 
  road 
  construction 
  in 
  

   Ulster 
  county 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  distance, 
  but, 
  as 
  has 
  alread}r 
  been 
  

   stated, 
  there 
  is 
  an 
  abundance 
  of 
  limestone, 
  some 
  of 
  it 
  of 
  excellent 
  

   quality, 
  and 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  macadamizing 
  the 
  roads 
  is 
  thus 
  reduced 
  to 
  

  

  