XXli INTRODUCTORY. 
trees, but the gullies and valleys that intersect them are usually 
more or less taken up by drier hill forests, or both pines and leafed 
trees are intermixed. They consist entirely of tinyoo (Pinus 
Kasya) and occupy the hilly parts of the Lushai country, Upper 
va, and Martaban. e lowest limit to which they descend is 
(I believe) about 3,500 feet. In Upper Tenasserim another pine 
makes its appearance, vz., Pinus Merkusw, which occurs chiefly on 
- the sandstone hills of the Thounggyeen in Upper Tenasserim and 
re-appears again on the hills of Sumatra. Forests of this pine are 
found at such low levels as 1,500 feet, and single trees are locally 
found at only 500 ft. elevation. 
B—DECIDUOUS OR LEAP-SHEDDING FORESTS. 
From a general point of view the deciduous forests divide into 
two large classes. The first one consists of trees which shed their 
leaves by the influence of cold, nae are therefore leafless during 
the winter or cold season. . But here again we have to distinguish 
between winter-deciduous trees, @. é., trees which grow in regions 
or zones where snow falls, and cold-season shedders, which are not 
subj to the influence of a severe winter cold, but, for some 
reason or kee shed their leaves after the rains instead at the 
beginning’ of the hot season. This latter sort of tree occurs 
also in Burma, but these are here very subordinately dispersed 
throuth the forests. The second principal class of decimals forests 
are composed of hot-season shedders, 7. ¢., trees that shed their 
leaves on account of the dryness and excessive summer heat. It is 
with this class of forest that the forester in Burma oe chiefly to 
do, for the most important timber trees are found in some of their 
varieties. ‘The variety of trees maps ibaa st a 
less than m the evergreen forests that it is more easy to master 
_ their constituents and to define their peculiarities. 
- V. Opzen Forzsts.—The open forests are restricted to the 
diluvium or older alluvium, and occur more es 
on the Martaban hills. Those growing on stiff clay and loam 
similarly mix with the lower mixed forests, along the line of their 
__ eontact. In their typical form as eng forest, they occupy the laterite 
beds and form a very marked vegetation. 1 distinguish, therefore, 
_ three oe — 
eS OR LATERITE FORESTS.—The principal constituents of 
this forest are byoo (Déllenia pulcherrima) , lta (Shorea obtusa), — 
_ engyeen (Pentacme — joeben (We alsura — — : 
