RUBIACER. 5 
or reduced to a single 1-ovuled cell ; style as many as carpels, high 
up united or simple, with a thickened, entire or lobed stigma. Fruit 
a capsule, berry, drupe or indehiscent nut. bumen fleshy or 
orny, copious or rarely scanty or none. Embryo cylindrical, the 
cotyledons semiterete.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs, 1 limbing, 
with opposite or whorled leaves. Stipules interpetiolar, either free 
or united with the petiole in a sheath bordered by fringes or leaf- 
like lobes or sheating or annular, rarely reduced to 1 or 2 points on 
each side of the petiole. Inflorescence various, usually more or less 
cymose or panicled, axillary or terminal. Flowers occasionally 
polygamous or unisexual. 
A large order of great importance. It includes not only reme- 
dial agents acting as tonics, febrifuges, emetics and purgatives, 
but also formidable poisons and valuable dyes. Cinchona as a 
febrifuge is already too well known to require special notice, and 
thrives well in the Karen hills, east of Tounghoo, where it is 
cultivated by the Forest Department. Substitutes for Peruvian 
bark are specially Rondeletia febrifuga, Hymenodictyon, Ophiorrhiza 
mungos, and others. Gambier is the product of Uncaria gambir. 
Ipecacuanha (Cephaélis ipecacuanha) is now cultivated in Burma 
and holds the first place amongst purgatives, and similar, although 
in in Richardsonia, some species of Spermacoces, 
f 
inferior, qualities obtain 1 
and our indigenous Geophila reniformis. The powdered fruit o 
Randia dumetorum is a powerful emetic, and its root bruised is used 
for poisoning fish. The root-bark of the Brazilian Chiococca angui- 
fuga and Ch. densifolia produces the most violent emetic and drastic 
effects. Only few yield edible fruits like Vangueria edulis, which 
is introduced also into India. Coffee is the produce of Coffea 
Arabica, and thrives well in Burma, but is unfit for cultivation on 
a large scale, unless it be in the southern parts of Tenasserim. 
Madder-dye is obtained from Rubia cordifolia and Hedyotis um- 
bellulata, and a much inferior dye, but much used in Burma and 
India, is the product of various species of Morinda. The timber 
of most rubiaceous trees is rather inferior, and the best comes 
probably from Nawe/ea and allied genera. Upwards of 180 species 
of this order are known to occur in Burma, : 
* Fruit a more or less fleshy or succulent drupe or berry, 
1-several-celled ; ovules solitary or more in each cell ; 
's never winged or appendaged. 
O Ovary 2- or more.celled, the cells with a solitary, erect, 
or horizontal ovule. Berry with 2 or more (or by 
abortion only a single) thin-crustaceous or rarely 
membranous pyrenes enclosing the solitary seeds. 
-++ Ovary 2-celled. 
rolla valyate in bud; albumen usually fleshy. 
Calyx-limb entire; corolla-tube short ; flowers clustered, sessile ; 
epiphytical shrubs with large tuberous trunks : : - Hydnophytum. 
Corolla-tube short, bearded at the throat; pyrenes flattened and : 
