FLOWERS OF GARDEN AND GREENHOUSE 
For outdoor gardening the principal species of 
Cultivation. j)^ an fj LUS described are almost invaluable, and some very 
fine effects could be obtained from a border filled with these alone. 
Dianthus sinensis and its var. Heddewigi grown in masses produce 
very rich colour effects. D. barbatus looks well in clumps of about a 
dozen plants at distances of five inches apart. D. plumarius spreads in 
all directions from the centre, and should be planted a foot apart, and 
D. caryophyUus a foot or a foot and a half apart. The small-growing 
species are grown on rockeries, or even on old walls where a little soil 
can be supplied. Planted at the edge of a large stone, the stems soon 
spread over it, and in time form a thick covering. In such a position 
the plants are healthier, and flower with greater profusion than when 
grown on a flat border. Such species as D. caMizonus, D. cdpinus, and 
I). glacialis should always be grown in a sunny position on the rockery. 
The flowering stems of Carnations are very long, and careful staking 
and tying are necessary to keep them neat and obtain the full value of 
then flowers. Much labour will be saved in this respect if wire supports 
are used. They may be purchased ready-made, or may be easily prepared 
at home from lengths of galvanised iron wire of sufficient thickness to 
prevent bending under the weight of the flowering stem. They are 
fashioned in this wise: a length of thirty inches is coiled in a loose 
spiral round a rake-handle and then slipped off. By fixing this upright 
in the ground beside the flowering stem, and twining the latter once 
round, it will be retained erect without stiflness, and without being tied, 
whilst the wire support will be practically invisible. Where large 
blossoms are desired the buds must be thinned out before they attain 
any size. A rich loamy soil suits both Pinks and Carnations, but it 
should not be stiff; if so, it should be lightened by well-working in 
leaf-mould and sharp sand. Tree Carnations may be grown in pots 
either in the greenhouse or out of doors. If the latter, it is well to 
take them up at the end of September, and pot them; keeping them in 
a shady place outside for a week or so, and then removing them to 
a cool greenhouse or to the house-windows, where they can be kept 
through the winter at a temperature of 50° or a little over. 
Description of Plate 35. D. barbatus , or Sweet William, giving 
Plates - characters of upper leaves and flowers. The three 
varieties illustrated show the general arrangement of the tints, but these 
vary to a very great extent. Fig. 1 is a flower separated from the 
cluster, and showing the long slender bracts at the base of the calyx; 
2 is a section through the same. 
Plate 36. D. CaryophyUus, or Carnation, with a few examples of 
