J. Orton on the Andes of Ecuador. 243 
trachyte and porphyry. Large masses of solid rock are rarely 
seen ; everything is cracked, calcined or triturated. While 
in Bolivia, the eastern Cordillera shows a succession of sharp, 
ragged peaks, in contrast with the conical summits of the Cor- 
dillera of the coast ; there is no such distinction in the Andes 
of the equator. The eastern Cordillera, has a greater mean 
height, and it displays more volcanic activity, Twenty volea- 
ni¢ mountains surround the great valley, of which twelve are 
been active since the conquest. The truncated cone of Coto- 
paxil, the jagged, Alpine crest of ruined Caraguirazo, and 
oe SNOW LIMIT Pies 
~\ 
im 
10,000 ft, Chimborazo, looking west. 
yee 
10,000 ft, Caraguirazo, looking west. 
vex , 
Corazon, resemble Claraguirazo ; Tunguragua, Sangai, Llan- 
The growth of the cones since they began to erupt, is 
Plainly aries They rarely eject liquid lava, but chiefly 
, ashes and fragments of trachyte and porphyry. 
From the deluges of water, result deep furrows in the sides ; 
* Much of the water sent down from Cotopaxi, may be due to the melting of 
a Stow; but this cannot be true of Pichincha or Im 
