Mineralogy and Geology. 277 
climate than at present during the quaternary period. 
Among the tertiary Birds no species is identical with those of 
ly hatched yo 
general character of the avifauna, furnish fresh arguments in favor 
of the opinion of those who consider the climate of Europe to 
have been much warmer during the tertiary period than at the 
present time, 
_The present volume contains the osteological studies on living 
_ birds, which the author proposes to apply in turn to each of the 
h he has fi i 
Capt. Frep, Bromre.—The explorations recorded in h 
t ats 
Praia were conducted principally in “Martin’s” and St. Michael’s 
averns, 
Martin’s Cave opens on the eastern face of the rock, below O’- 
Hara’s Tower. It is an ancient sea-cave, though now upwards of 
-_ 700 feet above the level of the Mediterranean. The excavations 
| ‘this cavern were commenced on the 23d of June, and continued 
| tllthe 22d of July. There were no traces whatever of any 
vious attempts at exploration. The first operation was to excavate 
the Soe earth all along, close to the south side, which is from six 
gags 
O 
70 flint knives; 1 excellent 
