THORNS 175 
pinnately cut leaves, and red or white flowers. These are grouped in 
corymbose cymes, and consist of a pitcher-shaped or bell-shaped calyx 
with a contracted mouth and five spreading lobes; five petals inserted at 
the mouth of the calyx; many stamens, and one to five carpels. The 
latter are below and attached to the calyx-tube, and in association with 
it they develop into an egg-shaped or globose fruit consisting of a 
bony stone containing the seed or seeds, invested with a thin layer 
of flesh and a thick, coloured rind. They are natives of the northern 
temperate regions, and are chiefly found in America, extending south 
as far as New Granada. The generic name refers to the hard, strong 
wood. 
CRATEGUS COCCINEA (scarlet). A small tree, 20 to 30 
feet high, sometimes with a few straight thorns, and heart- 
shaped, sharply-toothed, smooth leaves. Flowers white, with red anthers; 
May. Fruit large, egg-shaped, bright coral-red. Introduced from the 
United States (1683). 
C. Crus-GALLi (cock’s-spur). Cockspur Thorn. Shrub or small 
tree, 10 to 30 feet high, beset with strong curved spines. Leaves oval- 
wedge-shaped, shining, shortly stalked. Flowers large, white, tinged 
with red, anthers red; May. Fruit bright red, showy, edible. Intro- 
duced from North America (1691). There are several good varieties. 
C. Doveiasit (Douglas’). Shrub, 10 to 15 feet high, with reddish 
twigs and straight, rigid spines. Leaves oval, shining, wedge-shaped at 
base, doubly toothed. Flowers white ; May. Fruit small, dark purple. 
Introduced from Western North America (1827). 
C. FLAVA (yellow). Small tree, 12 to 20 feet high. Leaves egg- 
shaped, slightly lobed and round toothed, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers 
mostly solitary, white; May. Fruit pear-shaped, yellow, edible. Intro- 
duced from South-East United States (1724). 
C. HETEROPHYLLA (various-leaved). Small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, 
with smooth leaves, somewhat three-lobed at the apex, slightly toothed. 
Flowers white, in many-flowered corymbs; May. Introduced from the 
Orient (1816). | 
C. ORIENTALIS (oriental). Small tree, 12 to 20 feet high, with 
woolly branches, and deeply-toothed, three-lobed leaves. Flowers white ; 
May and June. Introduced from the Orient (1810). 
C. OxYAcaNnTHA (sharp-spined). Whitethorn, Hawthorn, or May. 
Small tree, 15 to 20 feet high, very spiny. Leaves egg-shaped, with 
wedge-shaped base, with three or more lobes, shining. Flowers white, 
produced abundantly, usually sweet-scented, but occasi nally unpleasant ; 
May or June. Fruit, dark red or yellow, mealy, edible, but uninviting. : 
Principal Species. 
