326 Extracts from Mr. Bentham’s Address. 
1869, and in the as yet only short general sketch of the results of 
the Swedish Spitzbergen Expeditions, contained in the Gene- 
vese ‘Bibliothéque Universelle, Archives Scientifiques, for 
Dec. 1869. 
It would be useless for me here to retrace, after Dr. Carpen- 
depth, and as to the actual temperature of the deep seas, or to 
enter into any details of the enormous additions thus made to 
our knowledge of the diversities of organic life; and it would 
be still further from my province to consider the geological 
conclusions to be drawn from them. My object is more espe- 
cially to point out how these respective dips into the early his- 
of marine animals and of terrestrial forests have afforded 
the strongest evidence we have yet obtained, that apparently 
unlimited permanency and total change can go on side by side, 
without or for the latter any general catastrophe that 
should preclude the former. 
There was a time, as we learn, when our chalk-cliffs, now 
high and dry, were being formed at the bottom of the sea by 
the gradual growth and decay of Globigerine and the animals 
that fed on them—amongst others, for instance, Rhizocrinus 
and Terebratulina caput-serpentis; and when, at a later period, 
the upheaval of the ground into an element where these animals 
could no longer live arrested their progress in that direction, 
they had already spread over an area sufficiently extensive for 
some part of their race to maintain itself undisturbed ; and so, 
on from that time to the present day, by gradual dispersion or 
migration, in one direction or another, the same Rhzzocrinus 
and Terebratulina have always been in possession of some genial 
locality, where they have continued from generation to genera- 
tion, and still continue, with Globigerine and other animals, 
forming chalk at the bottom of the sea, unchanged in structura 
character, and rigidly conservative in habits and mode of life 
meng the vast geological period they have witne 
ral refrigeration, the Taxodium already occupied an area exten- 
sive enough to include some districts in which it could still live 
and propagate; and whatever vicissitudes it may have met 
with in some parts, or even in the whole, of its original 
. area, 
it has, by grad migration, always found some 
. a 7 
me 
