44 W. D. Alexander on the Orater of Haleakala. 
plants, and forming a plan for the survey of the crater. The 
flora of this region has been described before. I will only say 
that the principal plants that survive on the bleak summit are 7 
the Argyroxiphium, Raillardia montana, Vittadinia, and some | 
inted “tena viz: Pieris aquilina and Trichomanes. In the 
belt between one and four miles from the 
— chrysophylla, Sandalwood, Coprosma, and a few ohelos ~ 
(Vaccinium reticulatum). W ater boiled at 198° Fahrenheit when — 
the atmosphere was at 46° Fahrenheit. At sunrise we enjoyed 
the grand sight of the vast triangular shadow of the mountain _ 
’ projected on the clouds in the western sky. a 
the morning of August 4th, I ascended the mountain again | 
from Makawao, with five natives, and furnished with a superior. 
theodolite, a dozen large bamboos for signal poles, a good tent, 
and provisions for a week. We spent seven days on the moun- 
tain, and _— ~sgomsee uninterrupted fine weather. a 
mmenced operations by setting signals on the abe: | 
inent points along the i penicoes side of the crater. The 
ern cliffs are v — though it is SS to descend es 
conte Sires and are from 2,000 to 2,50 : 
pitched our tent on ‘the lee side of a hill ene the saoethoiel 
corner, ca y the natives “ Pakaoao” or the “ fortress of 
Kaoao.” This hill is composed cae a ae: gray solid clink- 
stone, which splits into laminz 
Tt has been much shattered, puobabhy: by the terrible convul- 
sions that attended the 8 Brea of the Koolau gap, and for a 
quarter of a mile toward the northwest the ground is strewed 
with fragments of rock that have been hurled in that direction. 
These rocks form a striking contrast with the darker and more 
basaltic rock to the northward. The same formation crops out 
on the east side of the Koolau gap, at the southern foot of 
Hanakauhi in the oasis surrounded by recent lava, at which 
place it projects from the hill side in the form of huge perpen- 
dicular slabs or ne ar masses, not more than ten feet thick, 
slope like immense grave stones. es of gravel on the 
summit contain numerous crystals of ener The hill called 
the fortress of ‘“ Kaoao” is iall on the lee side, 
and is covered with hundreds of little inclosures built of stone, 
three on ope feet high, and paved with thin flat pieces of clink- 
_ stone. I noticed that a few had been covered over with a kind © 
Of slate roof. Here, according to tradition, encamped the army 
eee aes ee who had ‘been driven out of ‘aupo by his 
-‘Fival, some in the early part of the last century. We | 
oy Gears if é 
e grown up; 
