168 J. D. Dana on Cephalization. 
hensiveness compared with the former. But this point is suffi- 
ciently illustrated in my article on the classification of Insects 
and requires no additional explanation here. 
5. Our objector applies his mistaken definition of cephaliza- 
tion further, and argues as follows: 
“If we apply the principle of Cephalization in its original signification 
to Insects, we shall find that there are certain families and genéra, @. g- 
in Orthoptera Mantide@, in Neuroptera Mantispa, in Heteroptera Myo- 
docha, Phymata, Macrocephalus, Syrtis, Reduviide and Nezide, and in 
Diptera Hemerodromia, which have what are commonly known as rapto- 
rial front legs; in other words the front legs are used, not as degs but as 
arms to catch their prey with. In other species, e. g. the dipterous Calo- 
bata antenneepes Say, which takes its name from that peculiarity, and in 
many Nemocerous Diptera, the front legs are not used at all for locomo- 
tive purposes, but are elevated in the air and vibrated after the fashion 
of antenne. Here therefore it is strictly true that “the anterior mem- 
bers of the thorax are transferred to the cephalic series;” and if, as Prof. 
Dana maintains, the cephalization of the antesior pair of limbs in Man, 
or in other words the conversion of his front limbs into arms, “ p!aces 
Man apart from the whole series of Mammals” (Sill. Journ., vol. xxxv, P- 
68), then by parity of reasoning, if the principle of cephalization is unl- 
versally applicable, all the above-mentioned families and genera of In- 
sects ought to be placed in a group by themselves.” 
I have stated that there were but three examples of the : ; 
transfer of members to the cephalic series in the whole animal 
kingdom—the Entromostracans or degradational Crustaceans 
excluded, in which the examples are not well-defined. One 
is that from Tetradecapods to Decapods, the four anterior Ob 
the fourteen feet in the former being mouth-organs in the Jat 
