Ee 5 SPUN: 
S 
in China, Japan, and Mongolia, 147 
The E.W. system exists in western China in the Jin moun- 
tains and in the Nan ling range. 
While the N.E. system has determined the eastern outlines 
of the continent, and much of its inland configuration, to the E. 
W. system is due the general course from west to east of the three 
principal rivers, the Hwang Ho, the Yangtse Kiang and the S% 
Ho of the south. 
The disturbance of the N.E. system began after the deposi- 
tion of the great Devonian limestone formation. It appears to 
have been acting slightly, during the forming of the coal-bearing 
_ beds, but its chief operation was after these had been deposited. 
There isa striking analogy between this system and the Ap 
lachians, both having the same trend, and, within certain limits, 
contemporaneous origin, and both folding immense areas of coal- 
bearing strata, and determining the eastern outlines of their re- 
Spective continents. 
T have taken the liberty of applying to this widely extended 
upheaval, the name of the SINIAN’ system. ee 
The E.W. system appears to be younger then the Sini-n. 
Tt has raised the limestone and over! ying rocks in the dfn moun- 
tains and in the Nan ling range, and M. de Semenow found Car- 
boniferous limestone forming synclinal folds in the longitudinal 
valleys of the Zien shan. 
I. Evidences of recent oscillations, extending over a great 
area, are visible in terraces on the coast of Shantung, along the 
Whole course of the Yangtse Kiang from the sea to western 
Sz'chuen, and on the western skirt of the delta plain, as well as 
throughout the islands of Japan. 
: : dges, 
inclined and folded strata of schists, sandstones and li 
ete, all highly metamorphosed. The general trend of these 
Tidges is between E. and N.E. nee os 
_ In the south the plateau rises gently, terminating in a precipt- 
us wall facing the S.S.E. Where I travelled along this south- — 
€rn edge, between the 112th and 115th meridians (E. of Green- 
.” From Sinim, the name under which the earliest mention of China is made; — 
- Teaiah, liz, 12. Pier “ alah 
