32 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



c o 1 li s have similar habits. Two ground beetles, P t e r o - 

 stichus californicus, Calathus rufipes, and 

 several Dermestid or scavenger beetles, such as T r o g o - 

 derma tarsalis and Perimegatoma variegata 

 have been recorded as enemies. Other predaceous beetles un- 

 doubtedly destroy some larvae. A solitary wasp, Ammophila, in 

 Utah, uses codling moth larvae to stock its nest, while 

 Sphecius nevadensis was observed capturing these 

 larvae in California. 



Though the tgg of the codling moth is so very tiny, it is not 

 too small for the development of a small egg parasite known as 

 Trichogramma pretiosa. The late Professor Slinger- 

 land records obtainijig four from one egg. The delicate long sting, 

 Macrocentrus delicatus has been reared from this in- 

 sect. An ally known asPimpla annulipes subsists upon 

 this host. A parasitic fly, Hypostena variabilis is 

 recorded as one of the enemies of the codling moth. These in- 

 sect enemies, though numerous in variety, are rarely abundant 

 enough to have any very material influence in reducing the 

 numbers of this insect. 



AVe have heard in late years, considerable in relation to a para- 

 site, Caliephialtes messor Grav. recently introduced 

 in California in the hope that it would prove of material service 

 in controlling the codling moth. We regret to state that the 

 developments of the last year or two have been disappointing, 

 and it is doubtful if this species will ever be ranked as an im- 

 portant enem}^ of the codling moth in this country. 



Control measures 

 Destruction of fallen fruit 

 The destruction of fallen fruit is by all means advisable pro- 

 vided it does not involve too much labor or expense. Un- 

 fortunately, a considerable proportion of the apple worms may 

 desert the fruit on the trees and therefore escape destruction in 

 this manner. 



Trap lights 

 Trap lights have been warmly advocated at irregular inter- 

 vals, though so far as careful investigations show, the benefits 

 resulting from their use are inappreciable. Carman, in a series 

 of experiments, found only i.6'/c of his captures to consist of this 

 species. 



