64 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



great advantage of the early application is that it enables the 

 fruit grower to put the poison where a very large proportion of 

 codling moth larvae Avill find it before they enter the apple, since 

 about (^y'/c attack the fruit at the blossom end. A second spray- 

 ing made within a w^eek or lo days after the blossoms fall, 

 simply makes a more thorough job and is a tacit admission that 

 it is impossible to cover a tree well with one application. The 

 third spraying, namely, when the young apple w^orms commence 

 their feeding, justifies itself only when conditions have pre- 

 vented an early application or possible thoroughness in the pre- 

 ceding sprays, is admissible when a poison has been used which 

 may have been washed from the foliage by rains, or may be advised 

 for very badly infested orchards. 



With the data at present available we see no reason for urging 

 treatment at the time the second brood of apple worms appear, 

 since if the earlier spraying is thorough there is practically no 

 second brood to be controlled. There are some observations 

 worthy of note in this connection. Lloyd ['07] obtained data 

 showing that Illinois apple stems might be injured even by a 

 spray for the second brood containing but 34 pound of paris 

 green to 50 gallons of water. The damage was often greatest 

 at the point of attachment of the stem and apple, both being 

 injured. He gives data showing that before this stem injury, 

 nearly all the windfalls were wormy, while subsequently a con- 

 siderable proportion (18 to over 90^) were uninjured by worms. 

 In spite of this excessive dropping, the crop on the sprayed 

 trees averaged greater than that upon the check trees. Furthermore, 

 he ascertained by careful study that this late application, even when 

 applied after the small apple worms had entered the fruii, re- 

 sulted in the destruction of many, due to their feeding for a 

 time just under the skin. It is possible that some of those de- 

 stroyed in this manner were the larvae of the lesser apple worm. 



There is little or nothing in the experiments conducted in 

 the East to justify the contention of our Western friends, to the 

 effect that markedly superior results may be obtained by the 

 use of a coarse spray driven by an exceptionally high pressure. 

 AA^e Avould select a nozzle giving the most uniform and rapid 

 distribution of spray without regard to penetration. A¥e would 

 not be understood as discouraging the employment of high 

 pressure, since this is undoubtedly an important factor in 

 thorough and rapid work, the latter being extremely desirable 

 on account of the limited time when successful applications may 



