OF THE JHELAM AND SIND VALLEYS. 67 



a defiDite height of 2000 feet or more, above which horizon they 

 were very rugged, suggesting forcibly the idea that the valley 

 must at one time have been filled with ice even to that greater 

 depth ; and there is no difiiculty in believing this to have been 

 the case. 



The lakes still existing in the Kashmir valley are referred to as 

 remains of a former extensive lake which has been filled up by 

 recent alluvium, and the Author describes the outlet of the drainage 

 of the valley at BaramuUa ; he then proceeds to notice the present 

 state of the supposed glacial deposits in the Jhelam valley, and 

 states that he formed the opinion that the dam or barrier near 

 Baramulla was partly morainic, and he has since seen that Prof. 

 Leith Adams considered that some of the gravels at this point were 

 of glacial origin. 



The whole valley or gorge of the Jhelam from this point as far 

 as Mozufferabad, where it makes a sharp turn back on itself, shows 

 extensive glacial or morainic deposits. Below this bend, the Author 

 is not able to speak from observation. 



The deposits have here been much modified by the river cutting 

 through them and depressing the valley, and by the superposition 

 of fiu^datile deposits, chiefly from lateral valleys, and of the appear- 

 ance described as "fans" by other writers. 



Good sections of both kinds of deposits are seen in many places 

 where the river has cut through them, and also along the line of the 

 new road now being carried up the valley. 



The two classes of deposits thus seen together are widely diflfcrent 

 in appearance : the morainic matter with large and small blocks or 

 stones scattered at random through the clay, sometimes far apart, 

 and of mixed materials, partly subangular, and some of the blocks 

 very large ; and the " fans " with closely packed well-rounded 

 pebbles of comparatively uniform dimensions and with some ap- 

 pearance of stratification. 



In conclusion, the Author mentions the great deposits of travelled 

 granite blocks near Kampoor, which, on account of their size and 

 difference of composition from any neighbouring rocks seen in situ, 

 he thinks can only have been distributed by ice ; and, finally, he 

 refers to the excavation of the valley by fluviatile action, partly 

 through these glacial beds, since glacial times. 



Discussion. 



The President had not himself visited Kashmir, but would call 

 attention to two points : first, did glaciers come down to a lower 

 level in the Himalayas in Glacial times than they do now ? this he 

 thought had been proved ; secondly, what was the origin of the 

 large stones in the Jhelam valley and of those found in the region 

 west of Eawul Pindi ? Commenting upon the supposition that the 

 latter had been transported by floating ice, he called attention to the 

 great floods of the Indus. Some of these were owing to the damming 

 up of tributaries, possibly by ice. In the Glacial period the Jhelau» 



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