68 THE GLACTATION OF PARTS OF THE JHELAM AND SIND VALLEYS. 



might have been so dammed. He discussed the former extension 

 of the ice in other Himalaj^an regions. 



Mr. Ltdeekee said that there was no question that glacial de- 

 posits occurred in the Sind vallc}- at Sonamarg and somewhat 

 lower down the valley. In the Jhelam valley the evidence was 

 not so satisfactory. The granite boulders never crossed small in- 

 tervening ridges between one valley and another, but followed 

 locally the stream-courses. He thought that when the lower parts 

 of valleys had been filled with detrital material it was difficult 

 to refer this to the action of glaciers, which should rather have 

 cleared out the valley-bottoms. The granite boulders disappeared 

 lower down the river. He referred to the detrital deposits in 

 Thibet, which certainly were not glacial. 



Gen. MacMahoist was familiar with adjoining parts of the Hima- 

 layas. He thought there was no doubt that at no very distant period 

 there was an extension of the ice in the Inner Himalayas. He had 

 found the usual scratched and polished rocks at considerable dis- 

 tances from the valley-heads. Even in the Outer Himalayas he 

 had found a remarkable moraine at Mamul, 14 miles from Dal- 

 housie, at an elevation of 4740 feet above the sea, perched upon the 

 crest of a spur running down from a mountain 9108 feet high, 

 containing granites and schists resting upon Carboniferous Lime- 

 stone. Eeferring to the question of boulders, he did not think 

 that in the Outer Himalaj'as these always furnished evidence of 

 glaciers. Some, he believed, had slipped down upon snow. 



Prof. Hughes noted that the evidences of glaeiation above the 

 Kashmir plain were unquestioned, whilst further down the origin 

 of the boulders was disputed. He asked whether the evidence of 

 glaeiation of this part rested upon the boulders alone, suggesting 

 methods by which these boulders might have been transported by 

 water. 



The Peestdent observed that boulders 20 or 30 feet across were 

 found many miles away from the Himalayas on the Punjab plains. 



The AuTHOE, in reply, said that the blocks below Baramulla were 

 subangular, and that no rocks of similar character appeared in situ. 

 The boulders were furthermore imbedded in clay, and though he had 

 seen no ice-scratches on the blocks, he could not conceive clay and 

 boulders being deposited together by water. He maintained that 

 the detrital fans and the deposits which he referred to glacial action 

 were quite distinct. There were indications that the ice had gone 

 even higher than he had argued for in his paper. 



