THE MIXING AND QUARRY INDUSTRY I915 41 



county, or they may be associated chiefly with sulphuric acid, as 

 illustrated by the Sharon and Clifton springs. 



The mineral waters of Saratoga Springs and Ballston are found 

 along fractured zones in Lower Siluric strata, the reservoirs occur- 

 ring usually in the Trenton limestone. They are accompanied by 

 free carbon dioxid which, together with chlorin, sodium, potassium, 

 calcium and magnesium, also exists in dissolved condition. The 

 amount of solid constituents in the different waters varies from 

 less than ioo to over 500 grains a bottle. Large quantities of table 

 and medicinal waters are bottled at the springs for shipment to all 

 parts of the country. The carbon dioxid which issues from the 

 wells at Saratoga at one time was an important article of commerce, 

 but its sale has been discontinued. 



The waters at Richfield Springs contain the elements of the 

 alkali and alkaline earth groups together with sulphuric acid and 

 smaller amounts of chlorin, carbon dioxid and sulphureted hydro- 

 gen. They are employed for medicinal baths as well as for drinking 

 purposes. The springs issue along the contact of Siluric limestone 

 and Devonic shales. Sharon Springs is situated to the east of 

 Richfield Springs and near the contact of the Lower and Upper 

 Siluric. Clifton Springs, Ontario county, and Massena Springs, St 

 Lawrence county, are among the localities where sulphureted waters 

 occur and are utilized. 



The Oak Orchard springs in the town of Byron, Genesee county, 

 are noteworthy for their acid waters which contain a considerable 

 proportion of aluminum, iron, calcium and magnesium, besides free 

 sulphuric acid. 



The Lebanon spring, Columbia county, is the single representa- 

 tive in the State of the class of thermal springs. It has a tempera- 

 ture of 75 F. and is slightly charged with carbon dioxid and 

 nitrogen. 



Ordinary spring waters. The greater quantity of spring waters 

 consumed in the State belongs to the nonmedicinal, noncarbonated 

 class, represented by such springs as the Great Bear, Deep Rock, 

 Mount View, Sun Ray, Chemung etc. The waters are obtained 

 either by flowing springs or from artesian wells and are shipped in 

 carboys or in tank cars to the principal cities where they are bottled 

 and distributed by wagons among the consumers. The essential 

 feature of such waters is their freedom from noxious impurities. 

 This is generally safeguarded by the care exercised in the handling 

 of the waters which are also regularly examined in the chemical 

 and bacteriological laboratories. 



