FROM THE KILKENNY COAL-MEASURES. 347 



tion that might be taken against the identification of Ichthjerpetum 

 and IVioUdogaster on the ground that, wliile the type species of the 

 former occurs in the LFpper, that of the latter was obtained from the 

 Lower Carboniferous, is nullified by the circumstance that both 

 Lox'omiua and Anthnicosaarus (and apparently the same species of 

 each genus) range through the whole of the Carboniferous system. 



Further, if these two Labyririthodonts be really generically iden- 

 tical, it will be obvious that the vague suggestion of the rhachito- 

 mous nature of the vertebral column of PI loU dog aster, made in the 

 British-Museum Catalogue, at once falls to the ground. 



Finally, taking it as proved that Pholidogaster and IclitliyerpetuTn 

 are closely allied to the so-called " Brachyopina," we now have 

 evidence that a type of Labyrinthodonts common throughout the 

 European Carboniferous (and unknown there after the base of the 

 Permian) was represented in the Lower Gondwanas (? Upper Per- 

 mian of India) by the genus Brachgops, while, as we go farther east- 

 wards, we find it surviving in the Hawkesbury beds of Australia 

 (which are of somewhat later age), where it is represented by 

 Bothrkeps ; a member of the latter genus, together with the allied 

 Micropholis, also occurring in the great Karoo system of South 

 Africa, some portion of which is probably the equivalent of the 

 Hawkesbury beds. This seems, therefore, to be another instance 

 of the persistence of types in the Indian, Australian, and Ethiopian 

 regions during long ages after their total disappearance from the 

 Pahearctic area. 



2r2 



